2nd International Olympiad On Astronomy and Astrophysics

Olimpiade Astronomi dan Astrofisika Internasional

Ke-2

Oleh:
Arip Nurahman
Department of Physics
Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Indonesia University of Education

and

Follower Open Course Ware at Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, USA
Department of Physics
http://web.mit.edu/physics/
http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Physics/index.htm
&
Aeronautics and Astronautics Engineering
http://web.mit.edu/aeroastro/www/
http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Aeronautics-and-Astronautics/index.htm

Ajang International Olympiad on Astronomy and Astrophysics atau IOAA II di Bandung, 19-28 Agustus 2008, sangat bagus bagi wahana siswa SMA mengembangkan kemampuannya. Menurut Presiden International Olympiad on Astronomy and Astrophysics Profesor Boonraksar Soonthornthum, Selasa (19/8), olimpiade ini menjadi wahana bagus siswa setingkat SMA di berbakat negara peserta menujukan keahliannya.

"Dengan terasahnya kemampuan, maka mereka akan menjadi aset berguna negaranya. Bukan tidak mungkin, melalui tangan tangan peserta IOAA, negara tempat asalnya menjadi bangsa besar. Bangsa yang besar adalah mereka yang bisa menguasai perkembangn teknologi, termasuk Astronomi dan Astrophysic," kata Soonthornthum.
Profesor Boonraksar Soonthornthum menjagokan Thailand, India, dan Cina masih berjaya dalam IOAA II 2008. Tiga negara itu adalah tiga besar penyelenggaraan IOAA I di Chiang Mai Thailand tahun lalu.

IOAA II adalah olimpiade tahunan bidang astronomi dan astrophysic untuk murid SMA. Pesertanya dipilih melalui olimpiade nasional di masing-masing negara . IOAA II diikuti 24 negara atau lebih banyak tiga negara dari IOAA tahun 2007 di Chiang Mai, Thailand. Beberapa negara yang hadir antara lain Thailand, India, Cina, Brazil, Polandia, Ukraina, Vietnam, dan Nigeria.

Setiap tim terdiri dari lima orang siswa didampingi pembina (team leader) dan pengamat. Total peserta mencapai 95 murid, 41 pembina, dan 12 pengamat. Sebagai tuan rumah, Indonesia bisa mengirimkan dua tim. Tim Indonesia A dipimpin Dr Suryadi Siregar dan Dr Hesti Wulandari. Sementara Tim Indonesia B dipimpin Dr Mahasena Putra dan Dr Ikbal Arifiyanto.

IOAA II, Olimpiade Sains Sarat Makna

”Selama beberapa milenia (ribuan tahun), para astronom telah bekerja bersama melintasi batas apa pun, termasuk geografi, jender, usia, kultur, dan ras, sejalan dengan prinsip Piagam PBB. Dalam hal itulah, astronomi merupakan contoh klasik bagaimana sains bisa berkontribusi dalam memperluas kerja sama internasional.” (Pengantar PBB Menyambut Tahun Astronomi Internasional 2009).

Salah satu Olimpiade Sains Internasional adalah Olimpiade Astronomi Internasional (IAO). Inilah olimpiade tahunan bidang astronomi untuk murid SMA, yang pesertanya dipilih melalui olimpiade nasional. Dalam kompetisi ini, peserta menjalani tiga ujian, yakni bidang pengamatan, teori, dan praktik. Untuk bidang observasi, peserta antara lain diuji pengetahuannya untuk mengenali bintang, konstelasi bintang (seperti Salib Selatan dan rasi Aquarius), menaksir kecerlangan (magnitudo) bintang, serta jarak sudutnya. Sementara pada babak praktik, peserta akan diberi pertanyaan atas data yang diperoleh dari observasi/pengamatan. Adapun untuk teori, peserta akan diberi pertanyaan sekitar situasi hipotetik.

Menarik juga untuk dicatat bahwa sebagian besar peserta IAO datang dari Eropa Timur dan Asia. Satu-satunya negara kawasan Amerika yang ikut olimpiade, yang dimulai pada tahun 1996 ini, adalah Brasil. Di antara peserta rutin IAO adalah Indonesia.
Dalam perkembangan berikut muncul ide untuk mengadakan olimpiade astronomi yang dilengkapi dengan astrofisika. Menarik juga bahwa olimpiade ini, yang lalu mempunyai nama resmi International Olympiad on Astronomy and Astrophysics (IOAA), diluncurkan untuk memperingati hari ulang tahun ke-80 Raja Bhumibol Adulyadej dan hari ulang tahun ke-84 kakak perempuannya, Putri Galyani Vadhana. Putri Galyani sendiri tutup usia pada 2 Januari 2008. Namun, IOAA tetap dilanjutkan. Setelah yang pertama diadakan di Thailand, yang kedua sedang berlangsung di Bandung, Indonesia, 19-28 Agustus 2008, dan yang ketiga, tahun depan, di Iran (situs IOAA).
Sebagaimana IAO, IOAA juga dimaksudkan untuk memupuk minat dan pendidikan di bidang astronomi dan astrofisika di kalangan siswa SMA. Dengan mengikuti olimpiade ini, mereka akan punya kesempatan untuk bertemu dengan sesama rekan murid SMA negara lain yang punya minat sama. Hal ini akan meningkatkan saling pengertian di antara negara peserta dan berikutnya juga kerja sama dalam riset.
Dalam IOAA I pada Desember 2007 di Chiang Mai, Thailand, peserta dari Indonesia memperoleh medali, sementara tim tuan rumah Thailand meraih sebutan tim terbaik.

Astronomi dalam perspektif

IOAA II yang dijadwalkan dibuka oleh Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono di Istana Negara pada 20 Agustus 2008 akan diikuti oleh 100 peserta (ditambah 58 pembimbing) dari 24 negara dari berbagai kawasan.

Ditempatkan dalam upaya yang lebih berorientasi pada proses, olimpiade dan kontes ilmiah lain tak jarang dilihat sebagai aktivitas yang tidak sepenuhnya pas karena lebih bersifat sesaat dan cenderung berorientasi pada hadiah/peringkat.
Pada sisi lain, astronom dan profesi ilmuwan lain juga tak hidup dalam vakum. Ia juga bagian dari masyarakatnya.

Penyelenggaraan IOAA II di Bandung jelas akan memberi kesempatan bagi Indonesia untuk memperlihatkan kecakapan mengorganisasi event, dan secara tidak langsung juga memaparkan apa yang dimiliki dunia astronomi Indonesia dan kemajuan riset para astronomnya.

Dibandingkan dengan astronomi di negara maju, apa yang dimiliki Indonesia pastilah tergolong bersahaja kalau bukan primitif. Showpiece kita masih tetap Kubah Teropong Zeiss di Observatorium Bosscha, yang dibangun oleh KAR Bosscha dalam dekade 1920-an. Itu pun kinerjanya terus dirongrong oleh penurunan kualitas lingkungan di Lembang, yang berketinggian 1.300 meter dari permukaan laut, serta situasi yang lebih terang dan berdebu.

Namun, dari fasilitas riset sederhana ini telah lahir kontribusi bagi perkembangan ilmu astronomi, khususnya di bidang bintang ganda, struktur galaksi, evolusi bintang, dan kosmologi. Lahir pula astronom asal Indonesia yang karya ilmiahnya diterbitkan di jurnal ilmiah internasional berwibawa.

Dari sisi peralatan mungkin saja dunia astronomi di Tanah Air mencatat sedikit pertumbuhan. Namun, mengamati agenda astronomi tahun ini seperti dikompilasi dalam pertemuan di Bosscha tanggal 12 April 2008 tampak bahwa minat astronomi meluas di tengah masyarakat. Sebagian dipicu oleh semakin banyak informasi yang bisa diperoleh melalui publikasi dan akses internet, sebagian karena kini semakin banyak penjual teleskop dengan harga yang cukup terjangkau, dan sebagian juga karena sosialisasi, seperti program kunjungan umum ke Observatorium Bosscha. Kini ada banyak SMA yang punya klub astronomi.

Tahun astronomi

Berbagai kegiatan astronomi tidak saja di Indonesia, tetapi juga di seluruh dunia akan mendapat momentum spesial tahun depan setelah PBB dalam Sidang Majelis Umum ke-62, 20 Desember 2007, mengumumkan tahun 2009 sebagai Tahun Astronomi Internasional (IYA).

Tahun istimewa ini dicanangkan untuk memperingati penggunaan teleskop pertama untuk astronomi oleh ilmuwan Italia, Galileo Galilei, pada tahun 1609. Peristiwa bersejarah itu menandai dimulainya penemuan astronomi yang luar biasa dalam kurun 400 tahun terakhir dan memicu revolusi ilmu pengetahuan yang memengaruhi pandangan kita tentang jagat secara mendalam.

Dunia astronomi Indonesia pun telah menyusun agenda bagi perayaan besar ini. Diharapkan, para siswa peserta olimpiade ini dapat berkembang menjadi kader bagi ilmu yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui seluk-beluk dan rahasia alam semesta.

List of Award Winner

Award	Country	Student Code	Student Name
Best in Theoretical Competition	Iran	IR-ST04	Seyed Sadra Sadraddini
Best in Practical Competition	India	IN-ST03	Nitin Jain
The Absolute Winner	India	IN-ST03	Nitin Jain
Best in Observation	Thailand	TH-ST04	Samaporn Tinyanont
Best in Data Analysis	Poland	PL-ST02	Piotr Godlewski
The Best Team	India
Student with Creative Solution in Data Analysis	-Iran	-IR-ST04	-Seyed Sadra Sadraddini
	-Indonesia A	-ID-ST05	-Lorenz Van Gugelberg Da Silva
Fun Competition	Lithuania
Guest Team with Outstanding Achivement	Indonesia B	IDg
Promising New Comer	Cambodia

List Of Winner NO Country Student Code Student Name Medals 1 India IN-ST03 Nitin Jain Gold 2 Iran IR-ST04 Seyed Sadra Sadraddini Gold 3 Indonesia B IDg-ST02 Ridlo Wahyudi Wibowo Gold 4 Lithuania LT-ST04 Airidas Korolkovas Gold 5 Indonesia A ID-ST05 Lorenz Van Gugelberg Da Silva Gold 6 Indonesia A ID-ST01 Ady Suwardi Gold 7 Thailand TH-ST04 Samaporn Tinyanont Gold 8 China CN-ST04 Zhang Sicong Gold 9 Indonesia B IDg-ST01 Amar Kusuma Gold 10 India IN-ST01 Akshay Subramaniam Gold 11 Indonesia B IDg-ST04 Yudho Ahmad Diponegoro Silver 12 Indonesia A ID-ST02 Esther Brigitta Silver 13 India IN-ST04 Tushar Shrotriya Silver 14 Poland PL-ST02 Piotr Godlewski Silver 15 Korea KR-ST01 Nam Hun Cho Silver 16 Iran IR-ST05 Seyedamir Sadatmoosavi Silver 17 Romania RO-ST01 Antonia Miruna Oprescu Silver 18 Indonesia B IDg-ST03 Marshiella Silver 19 Brazil BR-ST01 Rafael Parpinel Cavina Silver 20 Korea KR-ST02 Jin Oh Jung Silver 21 India IN-ST02 Anant Jain Silver 22 China CN-ST03 Zhou Jiqiang Bronze 23 Iran IR-ST01 Faraz Enayati Anangar Bronze 24 China CN-ST01 Ma Haonan Bronze 25 Lithuania LT-ST02 Povilas Kanapickas Bronze 26 Indonesia B IDg-ST05 Veena Salim Bronze 27 China CN-ST02 Feng Yixiao Bronze 28 Indonesia A ID-ST04 Eky Valentian Febrianto Bronze 29 Korea KR-ST03 Dae Heon Jeong Bronze 30 Romania RO-ST04 Sandor Iozsef Kruk Bronze 31 India IN-ST05 Uttam Bhat Bronze 32 Brazil BR-ST04 Cindy Yuchi Tsai Bronze 33 Slovakia SK-ST02 Peter Vanya Bronze 34 Lithuania LT-ST03 Julius Jonusas Bronze 35 Korea KR-ST04 Seung Yeon Lim Bronze 36 Ukraine UA-ST02 Pavlo Gavrylenko Bronze 37 Thailand TH-ST02 Chayanon Ruamcharoen Bronze 38 Iran IR-ST03 Erfan Esmaili Fakhabi Bronze 39 Belarus BY-ST01 Mikita Vedzeneyeu Bronze 40 Poland PL-ST03 Patryk Pjanka Honorable Mention 41 China CN-ST05 Zhang Kunsheng Honorable Mention 42 Romania RO-ST03 Cristina Cirstoiu Honorable Mention 43 Poland PL-ST04 Piotr Polesiuk Honorable Mention 44 Singapore SG-ST02 Amyas Chew Weng Khin Honorable Mention 45 Poland PL-ST05 Maciej Smigielski Honorable Mention 46 Belarus BY-ST05 Davydzik Tsimafei Honorable Mention 47 Romania RO-ST05 Nicu David Serban Honorable Mention 48 Romania RO-ST02 Ioana Alexandra Zelko Honorable Mention 49 Thailand TH-ST01 Thanawuth Thanathibodee Honorable Mention 50 Greece GR-ST03 Georgios Valogiannis Honorable Mention 51 Poland PL-ST01 Joanna Bogdanowicz Honorable Mention 52 Greece GR-ST01 Georgios Moulantzikos Honorable Mention 53 Belarus BY-ST04 Maryna Vinahradava Honorable Mention 54 Indonesia A ID-ST03 Mikha Benanta Purba Honorable Mention 55 Belarus BY-ST03 Aleh Bich Honorable Mention 56 Slovakia SK-ST01 Eugen Hruska Honorable Mention 57 Thailand TH-ST03 Taweewat Somboonpanyakul Honorable Mention 58 Singapore SG-ST03 Pan Zi Xiang Honorable Mention 59 Thailand TH-ST05 Pornbhussorn Kanchanakanok Honorable Mention 60 Lithuania LT-ST01 Ignas Spokas Honorable Mention 61 Belarus BY-ST02 Dzianis Shautsou Honorable Mention 62 Singapore SG-ST04 Ong Ming Yang Honorable Mention 63 Ukraine UA-ST05 Karyna Shchebetovs'ka Honorable Mention 64 Brazil BR-ST03 Otavio De Macedo Menezes Honorable Mention 65 Greece GR-ST02 Stefanos Mavros Honorable Mention 66 Sri Lanka LK-ST04 Yasith Mathangasinghe Honorable Mention 67 Ukraine UA-ST01 Dmytro Sirenko Honorable Mention 68 Singapore SG-ST01 Tan Si Kai Honorable Mention 69 Iran IR-ST02 Zahra Arjomandilari Honorable Mention 70 Ukraine UA-ST03 Bohdana Pashkovska Certificate 71 Ukraine UA-ST04 Mykhaylo Grek Certificate 72 Cambodia KH-ST05 Im Seiha Certificate 73 Azerbaijan AZ-ST02 Umid Aghazada Certificate 74 Brazil BR-ST02 Gustavo Perez Katague Certificate 75 Sri Lanka LK-ST01 G.D. Ashan Ariyawansa Certificate 76 Sri Lanka LK-ST05 K.G.D.Nisal Menuka Certificate 77 Lithuania LT-ST05 Andrius Vytautas Misiukas Misiunas Certificate 78 Cambodia KH-ST03 Huoy Channaren Certificate 79 Myanmar MM-ST01 Chien Fan Lien Certificate 80 Cambodia KH-ST04 Say Buntha Certificate 81 Bolivia BO-ST01 Fernando Justiniano Duran Certificate 82 Sri Lanka LK-ST02 J. Rajith Gihan Perera Certificate 83 Bolivia BO-ST02 Jhonny Gabriel Cruz Chaves Certificate 84 Greece GR-ST05 Lamprini Chroni Certificate 85 Sri Lanka LK-ST03 Eranga Thilina Jayashantha Certificate 86 Cambodia KH-ST01 Ty Sovisal Certificate 87 Cambodia KH-ST02 Mom Charya Certificate 88 Greece GR-ST04 Maria Krikeli Certificate 89 Myanmar MM-ST02 Lin Htet Aung Lai Certificate

Copyright © 2008 2nd International Olympiad on Astronomy and Astrophysics

Semoga Bermanfaat dan Terima Kasih

Komando Laboratorium Cyber Angkatan Udara Indonesia

Di Gagas di Kota Banjar dan Desa Bangunharja

Komando Laboratorium Cyber Angkatan Udara dan Antariksa Indinesia

						Labs, centers and programs
						Aeronautical Systems Laboratory Aeronautics and Astronautics, Dept. of Aerospace Computational Design Lab (ACDL) Aerospace Controls Lab Center for Nanofluids Technology Center for Transportation & Logistics (CTL) Communications and Networking Research Group Complex Systems Research Lab Computation for Design and Optimization Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) Draper Laboratory Dynamic Load Sensors and Space Flight Experiment Embedded Systems Laboratory Flight Transportation Laboratory Gas Turbine Laboratory

Global Airline Industry Program
Humans and Automation Lab (HAL)
International Center for Air Transportation (ICAT)
Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research
Man Vehicle Laboratory
MIT-Portugal Program
Park Center for Complex Systems
Partnership for AiR Transportation Noise and Emissions Reduction
Space Nanotechnology Laboratory
Space Propulsion Laboratory
Space Systems Laboratory
Systems Engineering Advancement Research Initiative
Technology Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Structures (TELAMS)
Technology, Policy and Industrial Development, Center for
Wright Brothers Wind Tunnel (WBWT)

Indonesia Space Scientist Society

By:
Arip Nurahman
Department of Physics
Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Indonesia University of Education

and

Follower Open Course Ware at Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, USA
Department of Physics
http://web.mit.edu/physics/
http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Physics/index.htm
&
Aeronautics and Astronautics Engineering
http://web.mit.edu/aeroastro/www/
http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Aeronautics-and-Astronautics/index.htm

 

Scientist

A scientist, in the broadest sense, refers to any person that engages in a systematic activity to acquire knowledge or an individual that engages in such practices and traditions that are linked to schools of thought or philosophy. In a more restricted sense, scientist refers to individuals who use the scientific method.

The person may be an expert in one or more areas of science.

This article focuses on the more restricted use of the word.

Visi Indonesia Space Scientist Society

Melahirkan Banyak Ilmuwan Antariksa di Indonesia

Misi Indonesia Space Scientist Society

Pendidikan, Penelitian dan Pengembangan IPTEK Antariksa

Program Indonesia Space Scientist Society

Meyebarkan Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi Antariksa di Indonesia

Contents 1 Etymology 2 Description 2.1 Scientists versus Engineers 3 Historical Scientists 4 Types of scientists 5 See also 5.1 Related lists 6 References 7 External articles

Etymology

Historically, scientists were termed "natural philosophers" or "men of science"; they were men of knowledge. Science and philosophy were roughly synonymous. William Whewell coined the term scientist in 1833 to describe an expert in the study of nature, but this term did not gain wide acceptance until the turn of the 20th century. By the twentieth century, the modern notion of science as a special brand of information about the world, practiced by a distinct group and pursued through a unique method, was essentially in place.

Description

Science and technology have continually modified human existence. As a profession, the scientist of today is widely recognized. Scientists include theoreticians who mainly develop new models to explain existing data and predict new results, and experimentalists who mainly test models by making measurements though in practice the division between these activities is not clear-cut, and many scientists perform both tasks.

Mathematics is often grouped with the sciences. Like other scientists, mathematicians start with hunches (hypotheses) and then conduct symbolic or computational experiments to test them. Some of the greatest physicists have also been creative mathematicians. There is a continuum from the most theoretical to the most empirical scientists with no distinct boundaries. In terms of personality, interests, training and professional activity, there is little difference between applied mathematicians and theoretical physicists.

Scientists can be motivated in several ways. Many have a desire to understand why the world is as we see it and how it came to be. They exhibit a strong curiosity about reality. Other motivations are recognition by their peers and prestige, or the desire to apply scientific knowledge for the benefit of peoples health, the nations, the world, nature or industries. Only few scientists count generating personal wealth as an important driving force behind their science.

It has been suggested that scientists should honour a Hippocratic Oath for Scientists.

Scientists versus Engineers

Engineers and scientists are often confused in the minds of the general public, with the former being closer to applied science. While scientists explore nature in order to discover general principles, engineers apply established principles drawn from mathematics and science in order to develop economical solutions to technical problems.

In short, scientists study things whereas engineers design things. However, there are plenty of instances where significant accomplishments are made in both fields by the same individual. Scientists often perform engineering tasks in designing experimental equipment and building prototypes, and some engineers do first-rate scientific research. Mechanical, electrical, chemical and aerospace engineers are often at the forefront of scientific investigation of new phenomena and materials.

Peter Debye received a degree in electrical engineering and a doctorate in physics before eventually winning a Nobel Prize in chemistry. Similarly, Paul Dirac, one of the founders of quantum mechanics, began his academic career as an electrical engineer before proceeding to mathematics and later theoretical physics. Claude Shannon, a theoretical engineer, founded modern information theory.

Historical Scientists

See also: Timeline of the history of scientific method

Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) has been described as the "first scientist" for his development of the scientific method.

The physicist Albert Einstein is one of the most well known scientists of the 20th century.

Louis Pasteur's portrait in his later years.

An early scientific method which emphasized experimentation was first used by the Iraqi Muslim Arab physicist and polymath Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), circa 1021 AD, in his Book of Optics, and he has been described as the "first scientist" for this reason.

There are notable examples of people who have moved back and forth among disciplines. Such polymaths were common during the Islamic Golden Age and European Renaissance. Many of these early polymath scientists were also religious priests and theologians: for example, the polymath scientists Alhazen and al-Biruni were mutakallimiin; the polymath physician Avicenna was a hafiz; the polymath physician Ibn al-Nafis was a hafiz, muhaddith and ulema; the astronomer and physician Nicolaus Copernicus was a priest; and Gregor Mendel, whose discoveries on inheritance founded modern genetics and provides a mechanism to explain Charles Darwin's observations about evolution, was also a priest.

Descartes was not only a pioneer of analytic geometry but formulated a theory of mechanics and advanced ideas about the origins of animal movement and perception. Vision interested the physicists Young and Helmholtz, who also studied optics, hearing and music. Newton extended Descartes' mathematics by inventing calculus (contemporaneously with Leibniz).

He provided a comprehensive formulation of classical mechanics and investigated light and optics. Fourier founded a new branch of mathematics  infinite, periodic series  studied heat flow and infrared radiation, and discovered the greenhouse effect. Von Neumann, Turing, Khinchin, Markov and Wiener, all mathematicians, made major contributions to science and probability theory, including the ideas behind computers, and some of the foundations of statistical mechanics and quantum mechanics. Many mathematically inclined scientists, including Galileo, were also musicians.

In the late 19th century, Louis Pasteur, an organic chemist, discovered that microorganisms can cause disease. A few years earlier, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., the American physician, poet and essayist, noted that sepsis in women following childbirth was spread by the hands of doctors and nurses, four years before Semmelweis in Europe. There are many compelling stories in medicine and biology, such as the development of ideas about the circulation of blood from Galen to Harvey. The flowering of genetics and molecular biology in the 20th century is replete with famous names. Ramón y Cajal won the Nobel Prize in 1906 for his remarkable observations in neuroanatomy.

Some see a dichotomy between experimental sciences and purely "observational" sciences such as astronomy, meteorology, oceanography and seismology. But astronomers have done basic research in optics, developed charge-coupled devices, and in recent decades have sent space probes to study other planets in addition to using the Hubble Telescope to probe the origins of the Universe some 14 billion years ago. Microwave spectroscopy has now identified dozens of organic molecules in interstellar space, requiring laboratory experimentation and computer simulation to confirm the observational data and starting a new branch of chemistry. Computer modeling and numerical methods are techniques required of students in every field of quantitative science.

Those considering science as a career often look to the frontiers. These include cosmology and biology, especially molecular biology and the human genome project. Other areas of active research include the exploration of matter at the scale of elementary particles as described by high-energy physics, and nanotechnology, which hopes to develop electronics including microscopic computers, and perhaps artificial intelligence. Although there have been remarkable discoveries with regard to brain function and neurotransmitters, the nature of the mind and human thought still remain.

Types of scientists

Archeologists

Astronomers

astrophysicists

Biologists

astrobiologists, botanists, entomologists, evolutionary biologists, ecologists, geneticists, herpetologists, ichthyologists, immunologists, lepidopterists, microbiologists, neuroscientists, ornithologists, paleontologists, pathologists, pharmacologists, physiologists, and zoologists

Chemists

biochemists

Computer scientists

Earth scientists

geologists, mineralogists, seismologists, volcanologists, hydrologists, glaciologists, limnologists, meteorologists, and oceanographers

Management scientists

Mathematicians

Medical scientists

Military scientists

Physicists

Philosophers

Psychologists

Social scientists

anthropologists, demographers, economists, geographers, political economists, political scientists, and sociologists

Technological and agricultural scientists

See also

• Dude scientist
• Fields Medal
• Hippocratic Oath for Scientists
• History of science (and the History of science category)
• Lay people
• Mad scientist
• Natural science
• Nobel Prize
• Protoscience
• Pseudoscience
• Social science
• Women in science

Related lists

• List of engineers
• List of mathematicians
• List of scientists

References

1. ^ Isaac Newton (1687, 1713, 1726). "[4] Rules for the study of natural philosophy", Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, Third edition. The General Scholium containing the 4 rules follows Book 3, The System of the World. Reprinted on pages 794-796 of I. Bernard Cohen and Anne Whitman's 1999 translation, University of California Press ISBN 0-520-08817-4, 974 pages.
2. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. 1989
3. ^ Nineteenth-Century Attitudes: Men of Science. http://www.rpi.edu/~rosss2/book.html
4. ^ Friedrich Ueberweg, History of Philosophy: From Thales to the Present Time. C. Scribner's sons v.1, 1887
5. ^ Steve Fuller, Kuhn VS. Popper: The Struggle For The Soul Of Science. Columbia University Press 2004. Page 43. ISBN 0231134282
6. ^ Science by American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1917. v.45 1917 Jan-Jun. Page 274.
7. ^ "William Whewell (1794-1866) gentleman of science". Retrieved on 2007-05-19.
8. ^ Tamara Preaud, Derek E. Ostergard, The Sèvres Porcelain Manufactory. Yale University Press 1997. 416 pages. ISBN 0300073380 Page 36.
9. ^ National Society of Professional Engineers (2006). "Frequently Asked Questions About Engineering". Retrieved on 2006-09-21. Science is knowledge based on observed facts and tested truths arranged in an orderly system that can be validated and communicated to other people. Engineering is the creative application of scientific principles used to plan, build, direct, guide, manage, or work on systems to maintain and improve our daily lives.
10. ^ Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor (2006). "Engineers". Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2006-07 Edition. Retrieved on 2006-09-21.
11. ^ Bradley Steffens (2006). Ibn al-Haytham: First Scientist, Morgan Reynolds Publishing, ISBN 1599350246.

External articles

Further reading

• Alison Gopnik, "Finding Our Inner Scientist", Daedalus, Winter 2004.
• Charles George Herbermann, The Catholic Encyclopedia. Science and the Church. The Encyclopedia press, 1913. v.13. Page 598.
• Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 1962.
• Arthur Jack Meadows. The Victorian Scientist: The Growth of a Profession, 2004. ISBN 0712308946.
• Science, The Relation of Pure Science to Industrial Research. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Page 511 onwards.

Websites

• The philosophy of the inductive sciences, founded upon their history (1847)- Complete Text
• Who was the greatest scientist ever? - Cafe Intellect
• For best results, add a little inspiration - The Telegraph about What Inspired You?, a survey of key thinkers in science, technology and medicine
• Peer Review Journal Science on amateur scientists
• World Social Forum Sciences et dDémocratie