Wednesday, 1 July 2009

How Indonesian People Get Nobel Prize in The Future

Central for Research and Development for Winning


Nobel Prize in Physics at Indonesia

Nobel Fisika Indonesia


(Belajar Kepada Profesor Einstein)



Nobel Prize® medal - registered trademark of the Nobel Foundation

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921



"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"




Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein in 1921
Born 14 March 1879(1879-03-14)
Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, German Empire
Died 18 April 1955(1955-04-18) (aged 76)
Princeton, New Jersey, United States
Residence Germany, Italy, Switzerland, United States
Ethnicity Jewish
Citizenship
Alma mater
Known for
Spouse
Awards
Signature









Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, in the Kingdom of Württemberg in the German Empire on 14 March 1879.[7] His father was Hermann Einstein, a salesman and engineer. His mother was Pauline Einstein (née Koch). In 1880, the family moved to Munich, where his father and his uncle founded Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie, a company that manufactured electrical equipment based on direct current.[7]


The Einsteins were non-observant Jews. Albert attended a Catholic elementary school from the age of five for three years. Later, at the age of eight, Einstein was transferred to the Luitpold Gymnasium where he received advanced primary and secondary school education till he left Germany seven years later.[8] Although it has been thought that Einstein had early speech difficulties, this is disputed by the Albert Einstein Archives, and he excelled at the first school that he attended.[9]


His father once showed him a pocket compass; Einstein realized that there must be something causing the needle to move, despite the apparent "empty space".[10] As he grew, Einstein built models and mechanical devices for fun and began to show a talent for mathematics.[7] In 1889, Max Talmud (later changed to Max Talmey) introduced the ten-year old Einstein to key texts in science, mathematics and philosophy, including Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason and Euclid's Elements (which Einstein called the "holy little geometry book").[11] Talmud was a poor Jewish medical student from Poland. The Jewish community arranged for Talmud to take meals with the Einsteins each week on Thursdays for six years. During this time Talmud wholeheartedly guided Einstein through many secular educational interests.[fn 1][fn 2]


In 1894, his father's company failed: direct current (DC) lost the War of Currents to alternating current (AC). In search of business, the Einstein family moved to Italy, first to Milan and then, a few months later, to Pavia. When the family moved to Pavia, Einstein stayed in Munich to finish his studies at the Luitpold Gymnasium. His father intended for him to pursue electrical engineering, but Einstein clashed with authorities and resented the school's regimen and teaching method. He later wrote that the spirit of learning and creative thought were lost in strict rote learning. In the spring of 1895, he withdrew to join his family in Pavia, convincing the school to let him go by using a doctor's note.[7] During this time, Einstein wrote his first scientific work, "The Investigation of the State of Aether in Magnetic Fields".[14]

Einstein applied directly to the Eidgenössische Polytechnische Schule (ETH) in Zurich, Switzerland. Lacking the requisite Matura certificate, he took an entrance examination, which he failed, although he got exceptional marks in mathematics and physics.[15] The Einsteins sent Albert to Aarau, in northern Switzerland to finish secondary school.[7] While lodging with the family of Professor Jost Winteler, he fell in love with Winteler's daughter, Marie. (His sister Maja later married the Wintelers' son, Paul.)[16] In Aarau, Einstein studied Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. At age 17, he graduated, and, with his father's approval, renounced his citizenship in the German Kingdom of Württemberg to avoid military service, and in 1896 he enrolled in the four year mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Polytechnic in Zurich. Marie Winteler moved to Olsberg, Switzerland for a teaching post.

Einstein's future wife, Mileva Marić, also enrolled at the Polytechnic that same year, the only woman among the six students in the mathematics and physics section of the teaching diploma course. Over the next few years, Einstein and Marić's friendship developed into romance, and they read books together on extra-curricular physics in which Einstein was taking an increasing interest. In 1900 Einstein was awarded the Zurich Polytechnic teaching diploma, but Marić failed the examination with a poor grade in the mathematics component, theory of functions.[17] There have been claims that Marić collaborated with Einstein on his celebrated 1905 papers,[18][19] but historians of physics who have studied the issue find no evidence that she made any substantive contributions.[20][21][22][23]

Masa muda dan universitas

Einstein dilahirkan di Ulm di Württemberg, Jerman; sekitar 100 km sebelah timur Stuttgart. Bapaknya bernama Hermann Einstein, seorang penjual ranjang bulu yang kemudian menjalani pekerjaan elektrokimia, dan ibunya bernama Pauline. Mereka menikah di Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt. Keluarga mereka keturunan Yahudi; Albert disekolahkan di sekolah Katholik dan atas keinginan ibunya dia diberi pelajaran biola.


Pada umur lima tahun, ayahnya menunjukkan kompas kantung, dan Einstein menyadari bahwa sesuatu di ruang yang "kosong" ini beraksi terhadap jarum di kompas tersebut; dia kemudian menjelaskan pengalamannya ini sebagai salah satu saat yang paling menggugah dalam hidupnya. Meskipun dia membuat model dan alat mekanik sebagai hobi, dia dianggap sebagai pelajar yang lambat, kemungkinan disebabkan oleh dyslexia, sifat pemalu, atau karena struktur yang jarang dan tidak biasa pada otaknya (diteliti setelah kematiannya). Dia kemudian diberikan penghargaan untuk teori relativitasnya karena kelambatannya ini, dan berkata dengan berpikir dalam tentang ruang dan waktu dari anak-anak lainnya, dia mampu mengembangkan kepandaian yang lebih berkembang. Pendapat lainnya, berkembang belakangan ini, tentang perkembangan mentalnya adalah dia menderita Sindrom Asperger, sebuah kondisi yang berhubungan dengan autisme.


Einstein mulai belajar matematika pada umur dua belas tahun. Ada gosip bahwa dia gagal dalam matematika dalam jenjang pendidikannya, tetapi ini tidak benar; penggantian dalam penilaian membuat bingung pada tahun berikutnya. Dua pamannya membantu mengembangkan ketertarikannya terhadap dunia intelek pada masa akhir kanak-kanaknya dan awal remaja dengan memberikan usulan dan buku tentang sains dan matematika.
Pada tahun 1894, dikarenakan kegagalan bisnis elektrokimia ayahnya, Einstein pindah dari Munich ke Pavia, Italia (dekat kota Milan). Albert tetap tinggal untuk menyelesaikan sekolah, menyelesaikan satu semester sebelum bergabung kembali dengan keluarganya di Pavia.


Kegagalannya dalam seni liberal dalam tes masuk Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (Institut Teknologi Swiss Federal, di Zurich) pada tahun berikutnya adalah sebuah langkah mundur dia oleh keluarganya dikirim ke Aarau, Swiss, untuk menyelesaikan sekolah menengahnya, di mana dia menerima diploma pada tahun 1896, Einstein beberapa kali mendaftar di Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule. Pada tahun berikutnya dia melepas kewarganegaraan Württemberg, dan menjadi tak bekewarganegaraan.

Pada 1898, Einstein menemui dan jatuh cinta kepada Mileva Marić, seorang Serbia yang merupakan teman kelasnya (juga teman Nikola Tesla). Pada tahun 1900, dia diberikan gelar untuk mengajar oleh Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule dan diterima sebagai warga negara Swiss pada 1901. Selama masa ini Einstein mendiskusikan ketertarikannya terhadap sains kepada teman-teman dekatnya, termasuk Mileva. Dia dan Mileva memiliki seorang putri bernama Lieserl, lahir dalam bulan Januari tahun 1902. Lieserl Einstein, pada waktu itu, dianggap tidak legal karena orang tuanya tidak menikah.

Kerja dan Gelar Doktor


Albert Einstein, 1905
Pada saat kelulusannya Einstein tidak dapat menemukan pekerjaan mengajar, keterburuannya sebagai orang muda yang mudah membuat marah professornya. Ayah seorang teman kelas menolongnya mendapatkan pekerjaan sebagai asisten teknik pemeriksa di Kantor Paten Swiss pada tahun 1902. Di sana, Einstein menilai aplikasi paten penemu untuk alat yang memerlukan pengetahuan fisika. Dia juga belajar menyadari pentingnya aplikasi dibanding dengan penjelasan yang buruk, dan belajar dari direktur bagaimana "menjelaskan dirinya secara benar". Dia kadang-kadang membetulkan desain mereka dan juga mengevaluasi kepraktisan hasil kerja mereka.


Einstein menikahi Mileva pada 6 Januari 1903. Pernikahan Einstein dengan Mileva, seorang matematikawan. Pada 14 Mei 1904, anak pertama dari pasangan ini, Hans Albert Einstein, lahir. Pada 1904, posisi Einstein di Kantor Paten Swiss menjadi tetap. Dia mendapatkan gelar doktor setelah menyerahkan thesis "Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen" ("On a new determination of molecular dimensions") pada tahun 1905 dari Universitas Zürich.

Di tahun yang sama dia menulis empat artikel yang memberikan dasar fisika modern, tanpa banyak sastra sains yang dapat ia tunjuk atau banyak kolega dalam sains yang dapat ia diskusikan tentang teorinya. Banyak fisikawan setuju bahwa ketiga thesis itu (tentang gerak Brownian), efek fotolistrik, dan relativitas khusus) pantas mendapat Penghargaan Nobel. Tetapi hanya thesis tentang efek fotoelektrik yang mendapatkan penghargaan tersebut. Ini adalah sebuah ironi, bukan hanya karena Einstein lebih tahu banyak tentang relativitas, tetapi juga karena efek fotoelektrik adalah sebuah fenomena kuantum, dan Einstein menjadi terbebas dari jalan dalam teori kuantum. Yang membuat thesisnya luar biasa adalah, dalam setiap kasus, Einstein dengan yakin mengambil ide dari teori fisika ke konsekuensi logis dan berhasil menjelaskan hasil eksperimen yang membingungkan para ilmuwan selama beberapa dekade.

Dia menyerahkan thesis-thesisnya ke "Annalen der Physik". Mereka biasanya ditujukan kepada "Annus Mirabilis Papers" (dari Latin: Tahun luar biasa). Persatuan Fisika Murni dan Aplikasi (IUPAP) merencanakan untuk merayakan 100 tahun publikasi pekerjaan Einstein di tahun 1905 sebagai Tahun Fisika 2005.

External links

Sumber:
1. Wikipedia
2. Nobel Prize Org.

Ucapan Terima Kasih:

1. DEPDIKNAS Republik Indonesia
2. Kementrian Riset dan Teknologi Indonesia
3. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI)
4. Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia
5. Tim Olimpiade Fisika Indonesia
Disusun Ulang Oleh: 
Arip Nurahman

Pendidikan Fisika, FPMIPA, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
&
Follower Open Course Ware at MIT-Harvard University, USA.
Semoga Bermanfaat dan Terima Kasih

Sunday, 28 June 2009

How Indonesian People Get Nobel Prize in The Future

Central for Research and Development for Winning


Nobel Prize in Physics at Indonesia

Nobel Fisika Indonesia


(Belajar Kepada Professor Charles Edouard Guillau)

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920

"in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys"
"dalam pengakuan terhadap sumbangan ukuran presisi dalam fisika dengan penemuan anomali dalam logam campuran baja nikel"
Charles Édouard Guillaume

Born 15 February 1861(1861-02-15)
Fleurier, Switzerland
Died 13 May 1938(1938-05-13) (aged 77)
Sèvres, France
Nationality Swiss
Fields Physics
Institutions Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Sèvres
Alma mater ETH Zurich
Known for Invar and Elinvar
Notable awards John Scott Medal (1914)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1920)

Charles Édouard Guillaume (15 February 1861, Fleurier, Switzerland – 13 May 1938, Sèvres, France) was a Swiss physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1920 in recognition of the service he had rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys.

Guillaume is known for his discovery of nickel-steel alloys he named invar and elinvar. Invar has a near-zero coefficient of thermal expansion, making it useful in constructing precision instruments whose dimensions need to remain constant in spite of varying temperature. Elinvar has a near-zero thermal coefficient of the modulus of elasticity, making it useful in constructing instruments with springs that need to be unaffected by varying temperature, such as the marine chronometer. Elinvar is also non-magnetic, which is a secondary useful property for antimagnetic watches.

As the son of a Swiss horologist Guillaume took an interest in marine chronometers. For use as the compensation balance he developed a slight variation of the invar alloy which had a negative quadratic coefficient of expansion. The purpose of doing this was to eliminate the "middle temperature" error of the balance wheel.[1]

Guillaume was head of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures.[1] He worked with Kristian Birkeland, serving at the Observatoire de Paris—Section de Meudon. He conducted several experiments with thermostatic measurements at the observatory. He was the first to determine accurately the temperature of space.

Guillaume was married in 1888 to A.M. Taufflieb, with whom he had three children.

Biografi

Tahun-tahun awal

Charles-Edouard Guillaume lahir di Fleurier, di Swiss-Jura, pada 15 Februari 1861. Kakeknya telah meninggalkan Prancis untuk alasan politik selama Revolusi dan mendirikan bisnis pembuatan arloji di London. Bisnis tersebut dilanjutkan oleh ketiga anaknya tetapi ayah Charles, Édouard, secepatnya kembali untuk mengatur di Fleurier.

Karier

Guillaume menerima pendidikan awalnya di Neuchâtel sebelum pergi ke Zurich Polytechnic di mana ia menerima gelar doktornya. Ia menghabiskan waktu yang singkat sebagai petugas di artileri sebelum masuk ke Kantor Internasional Pengukuran dan Berat, sebagai asisten, tahun 1883. Ia menjadi Direktur Asosiat tahun 1902 dan dari tahun 1915 sampai kepensiunannya tahun 1936, ia menjadi Direktur di Bureau. Ia tetap sebagai Direktur Kehormatan dari tahun 1936 sampai kematiannya.

Selama karier singkat kemiliterannya, Guillaume belajar mekanika dan balistik tetapi penyelidikan paling awalnya di Kantor adalah dengan termometri. Ia melakukan penyelidikan penting mengenai perbaikan raksa dalam tabung termometer dan ia bertanggung jawab untuk kalibrasi detail termometer yang digunakan di Kantor dalam membangun ekspensi tetap pada standar panjang. Ia fokus dalam kerja awal di International Metre dan mengerjakan penentuan volume satu kilogram air dengan metode kontak.

Suatu kesempatan penyelidikan oleh Guillaume pada koefisien muai campuran besi nikel yang memepelopori untuk penyelidikan sistematis suatu rangkaian campuran dan menemukan invar, suatu campuran dengan koefisien muai yang sangat rendah; elinvar, yang mana koefisien termoelestis pada kenyataannya nol, yaitu tetapan modulus Young, di atas suatu cakupan temperatur yang ditentukan; bersama dengan campuran yang sangat berguna lainnya. Penerapan invar secara cepat diakui dan bahan tersebut digunakan dalam metode cepat untuk pengukuran garis garis dasar geodetis. Campuran tersebut secara luas digunakan dalam instrumen yang tepat, seperti termostat dan pendulum jam astronomi. Saldo imbalan total Guillaume untuk jam yang berkualitas tinggi dan kronometer, yang menghapus kesalahan sekunder, telah disempurnakan oleh hair spring elinvar.

Guillaume bekerja dengan Kristian Birkeland. Ia bertugas di Observatoire de Paris—Section de Meudon. Ia melakukan sejumlah eksperimen dengan pengukuran termostatis di observatorium. Ia yang pertama yang menentukan secara akurat temperatur ruang angkasa.

Kerja Guillaume disimpan dalam beberapa paper yang diterbitkan oleh Kantor Bureau dan ia telah menulis, di antara kerjanya yang lain, Études thermométriques (Studi pada Termometri, 1886), Traité de thermométrie (Risalah pada Termometri, 1889), Unités et Étalons (Unit dan Standar, 1894), Les rayons X (Sinar-X, 1896), Recherches sur le nickel et ses alliages (Penyelidikan pada Nikel dan Campurannya, 1898), La vie de la matière (Kehidupan Materi, 1899), La Convention du Mètre et le Bureau international des Poids et Mesures (Konvensi Metris dan Kantor Internasional Pengukuran danm Berat, 1902), Les applications des aciers au nickel (Penerapan Baja Nikel, 1904), Des états de la matière (Keadaan Materi, 1907), Les récent progrès du système métrique (Kemajuan Terbaru dalam Sistem Metris, 1907, 1913). Bukunya Initiation à la Mécanique (Pengenalan pada Mekanika) telah diterjemahkan ke dalam beberapa bahasa.

Hadiah dan penghormatan

Ia diangkat menjadi Pegawai Besar Legiun Kehormatan dan menerima gelar Doktor Sains kehormatan dari Universitas Geneva, Neuchatel dan Paris. Ia menjadi Presiden di Société Française de Physique dan menjadi anggota, anggota kehormatan atau anggota ppersahabatan lebih dari seorang dozen pada akademi sains terkemuka di Eropa.

Kehidupan pribadi

Charles-Édouard Guillaume menikahi Mlle. A.M. Taufflieb tahun 1888. Mereka memiliki tiga anak. Ia meninggal pada 13 Mei 1938.

Charles Edouard Guillaume







Sumber:
1. Wikipedia
2. Nobel Prize Org.

Ucapan Terima Kasih:

1. DEPDIKNAS Republik Indonesia
2. Kementrian Riset dan Teknologi Indonesia
3. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI)
4. Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia
5. Tim Olimpiade Fisika Indonesia
Disusun Ulang Oleh: 
Arip Nurahman

Pendidikan Fisika, FPMIPA, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
&
Follower Open Course Ware at MIT-Harvard University, USA.
Semoga Bermanfaat dan Terima Kasih

    Monday, 22 June 2009

    How Indonesian People Get Nobel Prize in The Future


    Central for Research and Development for Winning


    Nobel Prize in Physics at Indonesia

    Nobel Fisika Indonesia


    (Belajar Kepada Professor Johannes Stark)
     
    "for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields"

    "Untuk penemuan efek Doppler dalam sinar saluran dan pemisahan jalur spektral di bidang listrik." 
    Johannes Stark

    Born 15 April 1874(1874-04-15)
    Schickenhof, German Empire
    Died 21 June 1957(1957-06-21) (aged 83)
    Traunstein, West Germany
    Nationality Germany
    Fields Physics
    Institutions University of Göttingen
    Technische Hochschule, Hannover
    Technische Hochschule, Aachen
    University of Greifswald
    University of Würzburg
    Alma mater University of Munich
    Doctoral advisor Eugen von Lommel
    Known for Stark effect
    Notable awards Nobel Prize in Physics (1919)


    Johannes Stark (lahir 15 April 1874 – meninggal 21 Juni 1957 pada umur 83 tahun) adalah seorang fisikawan Jerman yang pada 1913 menunjukkan bahwa sebuah medan listrik yang kuat akan menyebabkan garis spectrum tunggal terpecah ke dalam komponen-komponen yang berbeda. Efek Stark analog dengan pemisahan di sebuah medan magnet, yang dikenal sebagai efek Zeeman. Untuk menjelaskan efek Stark, maka perlu mengadakan dugaan baru atas mekanika kuantum. Stark menerima Penghargaan Nobel dalam Fisika 1919 untuk penemuan efek ini.

    Career

    Stark worked in various positions at the Physics Institute of his alma mater until 1900, when he became an unsalaried lecturer at the University of Göttingen. An extraordinary professor at Hanover by 1906, in 1908 he became professor at the RWTH Aachen University. He worked and researched at physics departments of several universities, including the University of Greifswald, until 1922. In 1919, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his "discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields" (the latter is known as the Stark effect). From 1933 until his retirement in 1939, Stark was elected President of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, while also President of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.

    It was Stark who, as the editor of Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik asked in 1907 the then still rather unknown Albert Einstein to write a review article on the principle of relativity. While working on this article, Einstein began a line of thought that would eventually lead to his generalized theory of relativity, which in turn became (after its confirmation) the start of Einstein's worldwide fame. This is heavily ironic, given Stark's later work as an anti-Einstein and anti-relativity propagandist in the Deutsche Physik movement.[2]

    Stark published more than 300 papers, mainly regarding electricity and other such topics. He received various awards including the Nobel Prize, the Baumgartner Prize of the Vienna Academy of Sciences (1910), the Vahlbruch Prize of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences (1914), and the Matteucci Medal of the Rome Academy. Probably his best known contribution to the field of physics is the Stark effect, which he discovered in 1913.
    He married Luise Uepler, and they had five children. His hobbies were the cultivation of fruit trees and forestry. He worked in his private laboratory on his country estate in Upper Bavaria after the war. There he studied the deflection of light in an electric field.[3]

    Presentation Speech

    Presentation Speech by Dr. Å.G. Ekstrand, President of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, on June 1, 1920
    Ladies and Gentlemen.*

    The Royal Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1919 to Dr. Johannes Stark, professor in the University of Greifswald, for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and of the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields.

    It is only rarely that the study of a physical phenomenon has led to such a brilliant series of important discoveries as that which follows the conducting of an electrical current through a rarefied gas. As long ago as 1869 Hittorf discovered that if a low pressure is set up in a discharge tube, rays are emitted from the negative electrode, the so-called cathode. Although invisible to the eye, they can nevertheless be observed through certain effects peculiar to them. The continued study of these cathode rays, in which Lenard in particular earned great merit, showed that they are composed of a stream of negatively charged particles, the mass of which amounts only to 1/1,800 of the mass of the hydrogen atom. We call these minute particles electrons, and gradually one of the principal theories of modern physics grew from the study of the properties of electrons and of their relationship with matter. The electron theory with its concept of the constitution of matter has become of radical importance to both physics and chemistry.

    When cathode rays strike an object, this becomes the source of a new radiation, namely that discovered by Röntgen in 1895 and named by him X-rays, the study of which has led to so many important results for major branches of science, not only within physics. Through von Laue's discovery of the diffraction of X-rays in crystals it was demonstrated that these rays are light waves of very short wavelength. It is now even possible to photograph the spectra of these rays, and science has by this been enriched with a means of research the implications of which cannot yet be fully realized.

    Von Laue's discovery also occasioned important discoveries in the field of crystallography. It is possible, now that W.H. Bragg and his son have worked out theoretic and experimental methods for that purpose, to determine the positions of the atoms in crystals. By these methods a whole new world has been opened up, and has already been partly explored.

    Of not less importance was Barkla's discovery in the year 1906 that every chemical element when irradiated with X-rays emits an X-ray spectrum, characteristic of the element in question. This discovery has become of outstanding importance for the theoretical study of the structure of the atom.

    In the year 1886 Goldstein discovered a new kind of rays in discharge tubes containing rarefied gas, the study of which has become extremely important to our knowledge of the physical properties of atoms and molecules. In view of the manner of their formation Goldstein called them canal rays. It was proved by the research of W. Wien and J.J. Thomson that the majority of these are composed of positively charged atoms of the gas in the discharge tube, which move along the beam at a very high velocity.

    In their course along the beam these canal-ray particles are continually colliding with the gas molecules which are contained in the tube, and thus it may be expected that light is emitted, if the kinetic energy is sufficiently great. As long ago as 1902 Stark predicted that the moving canal-ray particles thus become luminous, and that consequently the lines in the spectrum emitted by them must be displaced to the violet end of the spectrum if the rays are sighted approaching the observer. This takes place in the same way as the displacement of the lines in the spectra of those stars which are moving towards us, and as this displacement, the so-called Doppler effect, increases with the velocity of the light source, it must thus also be possible to determine the velocity of the canal-ray particles.

    In 1905 Stark succeeded for the first time in detecting this phenomenon in a canal-ray tube containing hydrogen.

    Beside each of the single hydrogen lines belonging to the familiar, so called Balmer series, a new, broader line appeared, which lay beside the original line, on the violet side of the spectrum if the canal rays were observed approaching the observer, but on the red side of the spectrum if observed from behind. The effect mentioned here has been established for the canal rays of all chemical elements which, in addition to hydrogen, have been investigated in this respect.

    This discovery, by which a Doppler effect was recorded for the first time in the case of a terrestrial light source, was instrumental in the proof that canal-ray particles are luminous atoms, or atomic ions. The further study of the Doppler effect in their spectra, which has been pursued principally by Stark and his pupils, has led to extremely important results, not only concerning the canal rays themselves, their formation, etc., but also concerning the nature of the different spectra which one and the same chemical element can emit in different circumstances.

    In the course of an investigation of canal rays in a tube containing hydrogen gas, which passed through a strong electric field, Stark observed, in 1913, a broadening of the lines in the spectrum of the hydrogen. A more thorough examination of this broadening showed that the lines decomposed into several components with characteristic polarization conditions. Although this splitting can best be observed in canal rays, it has nevertheless nothing to do with the movement of the atoms, but depends solely on the fact that these are present in an extremely strong electric field.

    In this, a discovery was made analogous to Zeeman's discovery of the splitting of serial lines by means of an extremely strong magnetic field, which was also in its time crowned with the Nobel Prize by this Academy.

    This splitting of lines in electric fields has been detected and measured by Stark in the line spectrum not only of hydrogen, but also of that of a great number of other substances, and the result of these investigations was that (the effect named after him turned out to be in several respects quite different from the Zeeman effect, and that thus) the optical dynamics of the atoms alters, under the influence of an electric field, in a manner quite different from that under the influence of a magnetic field.

    The effect discovered by Stark has become extraordinarily significant for modern research into the structure of atoms, and has opened up new fields for the study of the effect of atomic ions on each other and on molecules. The extremely complicated conditions which this effect manifests in the spectral series of hydrogen and of helium were successfully explained by a theory which forms one of the strongest pillars on which the modern concept of the internal structure of the atom rests.

    In view of the great significance which Stark's work so obviously has for physical research within various fields of great importance, the Royal Academy of Sciences considers it well warranted that the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1919 should be bestowed on this scientist.

    Professor Stark. Our Academy of Sciences has awarded you the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1919 in recognition of your epoch-making research into the so-called Doppler effect in canal rays, which has given us an insight into the reality of the internal structure of atoms and molecules. The Nobel Prize relates also to your discovery of the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields - a discovery which is of the greatest scientific importance.

    I ask you now, Professor, to receive the Nobel Prize from the President of the Nobel Foundation.

    * Owing to the sudden decease of the Royal Princess, no member of the Royal Family was present at the ceremony.
    From Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901-1921, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1967

    Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 1919




    Sumber:
    1. Wikipedia
    2. Nobel Prize Org.

    Ucapan Terima Kasih:

    1. DEPDIKNAS Republik Indonesia
    2. Kementrian Riset dan Teknologi Indonesia
    3. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI)
    4. Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia
    5. Tim Olimpiade Fisika Indonesia
    Disusun Ulang Oleh: 
    Arip Nurahman

    Pendidikan Fisika, FPMIPA, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
    &
    Follower Open Course Ware at MIT-Harvard University, USA.
    Semoga Bermanfaat dan Terima Kasih