Penjelajah Bintang dari Indonesia

Sumber: Pak Eko Laksono

(Imperium Indonesia)

Di tahun 1905, Albert Einstein dalam rumus Relativitas Khususnya yang terkenal, menyatakan bahwa kecepatan cahaya (c) selalu konstan, dan berbeda dengan hal lainnya, kecepatan cahaya tidak relatif. Dan Einstein juga menyebutkan bahwa tidak mungkin ada sesuatupun di alam semesta, yang bisa melebihi kecepatan cahaya. 

Tidak mungkin, impossible. 

Dan ini membuat perjalanan luar angkasa akan menjadi "kurang" efisien. Tapi di tahun 1994, seseorang saintis menyatakan bahwa kecepatan melebihi kecepatan cahaya dimungkinkan secara teoritis. Caranya adalah dengan menggunakan Warp Drive Engine, mesin yang mempunyai kemampuan ”melengkungkan Ruang-Waktu”, Space-Time Bubble. Nama saintis itu adalah Miguel Alcubierre. 

(Alcubierre Drive, The Warp Drive: Hyper-fast travel within general relativity, 1994 dalam jurnal Classical and Quantum Gravity)

Seandainya ini menjadi kenyataan, maka perjalanan menuju bintang-bintang akan dimungkinkan, dan planet-planet terjauh dan asing di tata surya pun bisa dicapai, hanya dalam hitungan menit..

Dan impian manusia yang telah ada selama ribuan tahun, untuk mengetahui apa yang ada di angkasa luar sana, akan terwujud. Impian ini mulai menjadi populer di dunia sejak sebuah epik fiksi ilmiah ditayangkan di tahun 1966. Kisah petualangan pesawat ruang angkasa Star Trek. Dan inilah kisahnya dari masa ke masa.

1. USS Enterprise NX-01

Ini adalah pesawat awal yang menjadi prequel Star Trek. Diluncurkan April 2151, NX-01 menjadi pesawat luar angkasa Bumi pertama yang mempunyai kecepatan melebihi kecepatan cahaya, Warp 5, sehingga akhirnya manusia bisa mulai menjelajah bintang-bintang. Planet Jupiter pun bisa ditempuh dari Bumi hanya dalam 10 menit.

Warp = c (kecepatan cahaya) ^3Warp 1 = 1 Kali cWarp 2 = 8 kali cWarp 3 = 27 kali cWarp 5 = 125 kali c

2. USS Enterprise NCC-1701

“Space: the final frontier. These are the voyages of the starship Enterprise. Its continuing mission: to explore strange new worlds, to seek out new life and new civilizations,

to boldly go, where no one has gone before.”

Inilah yang menjadi awal dari legenda Star Trek. Pesawat Starfleet NCC-1701, yang dipimpin komandannya yang heroik Kapten James Tiberius Kirk. Enterprise menjelajah luar angkasa, mengunjungi planet-planet dan bintang-bintang yang sangat jauh dari Bumi untuk mencari pengetahuan dan tantangan baru.

Diluncurkan tahun 2245 dari galangan kapal antariksa San Fransisco di orbit bumi, kapal ini akhirnya menemui banyak peradaban luar bumi, seperti Klingon dan Romulan, serta menjumpai banyak keanehan dan keajaiban dari kehidupan di luar angkasa.

 
3. USS Enterprise NCC-1701-A

NCC-1701-A menjadi pesawat baru dalam armada Starfleet bagi Kapten Kirk, setelah pesawat sebelumnya hancur saat pertempuran dengan Klingon (dalam ”Star Trek III : The Search for Spock”). Beroperasi tahun 2286.
 

4. USS Enterprise NCC-1701-B
   
Diluncurkan pada 2293, dikomandani Kapten John Harriman (Permulaan film “Star Trek Generations”).



5. USS Enterprise NCC-1701-C

Beroperasi tahun 2332, pesawat ini berperan besar dalam perdamaian antara Federasi (Bumi dan Vulcan) dengan Klingon. Pesawat ini hancur secara heroik mempertahankan Planet Klingon dari serangan kapal-kapal Romulan. (TNG : episode ”Yesterday’s Enterprise”).

6. USS Enterprise NCC-1701-D

 
 

USS Enterprise D, Earth orbit

Inilah pesawat Star Trek legendaris yang dikomandani Kapten Jean-Luc Picard. Ukurannya nyaris 2 kali lebih besar dari Enterprise-A milik Kapten Kirk dan telah mempunyai kecepatan maksimum mencapai Warp 9,6.

Dalam penjelajahannya menembus batas-batas alam semesta, pesawat Federasi ini menemukan tantangan-tantangan yang jauh lebih besar. Selain kekuatan Romulan yang terus bertambah, mereka menemui lawan-lawan baru yang jauh lebih berat, seperti peradaban Borg, dan makhluk Omnipotent bernama ”Q”.

"Q" adalah makhluk berwujud manusia yang mempunyai kekuatan ”Maha Kuasa”, yang senang menguji para awak Enterprise, dan terutama, Kapten Picard. Sedangkan Bangsa Borg, adalah makhluk-makhluk setengah biologis dan setengah mesin. Tujuan mereka hanya satu. Mengasimilasi paksa semua kelebihan dari semua makhluk-makhluk hidup yang ada di seluruh alam semesta. Menjadikan diri mereka semakin lama menjadi makin, Sempurna.

Di saat ini, Federasi sadar, bahwa kedahsyatan pesawat-pesawat antariksa mereka tidak ada artinya dibandingkan dengan teknologi Borg yang sangat jauh lebih maju. Dan Borg bisa mengasimilasi seluruh Bumi, tanpa ada perlawanan berarti.

7. USS Enterprise NCC-1701-E

Di bawah ancaman Borg yang akan menginvasi Planet Bumi, Federasi melancarkan proyek-proyek super rahasia (Proyek Sovereign, Defiant, Prometheus) untuk mengakselerasikan kekuatan dan ketahanan kapal-kapalnya. NCC-1701-E, meluncur di tahun 2373, dan menjadi pesawat pertama yang menggunakan senjata baru Tipe-X Phaser Array sebanyak 12 buah, selain Photon dan Quantum Torpedoes. 

(Pesawat ini bisa dilihat di Star Trek : First Contact).

Ini adalah pesawat antariksa tercanggih yang dimiliki Armada Starfleet.

 
8. USS Enterprise NCC-1701-J
 

Pesawat ini adalah pesawat yang ada bahkan jauh di masa depan Star Trek. Pesawat raksasa ini besarnya lebih dari 1,5 kali Enterprise E. Tidak banyak informasi mengenai teknologi dari pesawat ini, tapi yang pastinya sangat jauh lebih maju.

Skema perbandingan ukuran varian Enterprise

 

Gambar-gambar dari film terbaru Star Trek, Star Trek XI. Perjalanan luar angkasa akan kembali dimulai..

Star Trek, Wikipedia

Starship Enterprise, Wikipedia

Faster Than Light, Wikipedia

Miguel Alcubierre, Wikipedia

USS Enterprise NCC 1701, Memory Alpha

Warp Factor, Memory Alpha

Starship Enterprise, Utopia Planitia Yards

How Indonesian People Get Nobel Prize in The Future

Central for Research and Development for Winning

Nobel Prize in Physics at Indonesia

Nobel Fisika Indonesia

"Ilmuwan hanya menetapkan dua hal, yaitu kebenaran dan ketulusan, mereka menetapkan atas dirinya dan atas para ilmuwan lain."
~Erwin S.~

"Tuhan Menggunakan Matematika yang Indah dalam Menciptakan Dunia"
~Paul A.M. Dirac~

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1933

"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory"

Erwin Schrödinger	Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac
1/2 of the prize	1/2 of the prize
Austria	United Kingdom
Berlin University Berlin, Germany	University of Cambridge Cambridge, United Kingdom
b. 1887 d. 1961	b. 1902 d. 1984

Titles, data and places given above refer to the time of the award.
Photos: Copyright © The Nobel Foundation

Nobel Lecture

Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1933

The Fundamental Idea of Wave Mechanics

The Lecture in Text Format
Pdf 73 kB »
Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 1933

From Nobel Lectures, Physics 1922-1941, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1965

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Nobel Lecture

Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1933

Theory of Electrons and Positrons

The Lecture in Text Format
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Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 1933

From Nobel Lectures, Physics 1922-1941, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1965

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Erwin Schrödinger
Born	Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger 12 August 1887(1887-08-12) Erdberg, Vienna, Austria-Hungary
Died	4 January 1961(1961-01-04) (aged 73) Vienna, Austria
Citizenship	Austria, Germany, Ireland
Nationality	Austrian, later Irish
Fields	Physics
Institutions	University of Breslau University of Zürich Humboldt University of Berlin University of Oxford University of Graz Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies Ghent University
Alma mater	University of Vienna
Doctoral advisor	Friedrich Hasenöhrl
Other academic advisors	Franz S. Exner Friedrich Hasenöhrl
Notable students	Linus Pauling Felix Bloch Brendan Scaife
Known for	Schrödinger equation Schrödinger's cat Schrödinger method Schrödinger functional Schrödinger picture Schrödinger-Newton equations Schrödinger field Rayleigh-Schrödinger perturbation Schrödinger logics Cat state
Notable awards	Nobel Prize in Physics (1933)
Spouse	Annemarie Bertel (1920-1965)
Signature

Bust of Schrödinger, in the courtyard arcade of the main building, University of Vienna, Austria.

Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger (German pronunciation: [ˈɛʁviːn ˈʃʁøːdɪŋɐ]; 12 August 1887 – 4 January 1961) was a physicist and theoretical biologist who was one of the fathers of quantum mechanics, and is famed for a number of important contributions to physics, especially the Schrödinger equation, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933. In 1935, after extensive correspondence with personal friend Albert Einstein, he proposed the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment.

Legacy

The philosophical issues raised by Schrödinger's cat are still debated today and remains his most enduring legacy in popular science, while Schrödinger's equation is his most enduring legacy at a more technical level. The huge crater Schrödinger, on the far side of the Moon is named after him. The Erwin Schrödinger International Institute for Mathematical Physics was established in Vienna in 1993.

See also

• Entropy and life
• List of Austrian scientists
• List of Austrians
• Quantum Aspects of Life
• Subject-object problem

Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac
Born	Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac 8 August 1902(1902-08-08) Bristol, England
Died	20 October 1984(1984-10-20) (aged 82) Tallahassee, Florida, USA
Nationality	Switzerland (1902–1919) United Kingdom (1919–1984)
Fields	Physics (theoretical)
Institutions	University of Cambridge Florida State University
Alma mater	University of Bristol University of Cambridge
Doctoral advisor	Ralph Fowler
Doctoral students	Homi Bhabha Harish Chandra Mehta Dennis Sciama Behram Kurşunoğlu John Polkinghorne
Known for	Dirac equation Dirac comb Dirac delta function Fermi–Dirac statistics Dirac sea Dirac spinor Dirac measure Bra-ket notation Dirac adjoint Dirac large numbers hypothesis Dirac fermion Dirac string Dirac algebra Dirac operator Abraham-Lorentz-Dirac force Dirac bracket Fermi–Dirac integral Negative probability Dirac Picture Dirac-Coulomb-Breit Equation
Notable awards	Nobel Prize in Physics (1933) Copley Medal (1952) Max Planck Medal (1952)
Notes He is the stepfather of Gabriel Andrew Dirac.

Quantum mechanics

Uncertainty principle

Introduction Mathematical formulations [show]Background Classical mechanics Old quantum theory Interference · Bra-ket notation Hamiltonian [show]Fundamental concepts Quantum state · Wave function Superposition · Entanglement Complementarity · Duality Uncertainty · Measurement Exclusion · Decoherence Ehrenfest theorem · Tunnelling · Nonlocality [show]Experiments Double-slit · Davisson–Germer Stern–Gerlach · Bell's inequality Popper · Schrödinger's cat Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester Quantum eraser Delayed choice quantum eraser Wheeler's delayed choice [show]Formulations Schrödinger picture Heisenberg picture Interaction picture Matrix mechanics Sum over histories [show]Equations Schrödinger equation Pauli equation Klein–Gordon equation Dirac equation Rydberg formula [show]Interpretations de Broglie–Bohm · CCC · Consistent histories · Copenhagen · Ensemble · Hidden variables · Many-worlds · Objective collapse · Pondicherry · Quantum logic · Relational · Stochastic · Transactional [show]Advanced topics Quantum information science Scattering theory Quantum field theory Quantum chaos [show]Scientists Bell • Bohm • Bohr • Born • Bose • de Broglie • Dirac • Ehrenfest • Everett • Feynman • Heisenberg • Jordan • Kramers • von Neumann • Pauli • Planck • Schrödinger • Sommerfeld • Wien • Wigner

v · d · e

Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, OM, FRS ( /dɪˈræk/ di-rak; 8 August 1902 – 20 October 1984) was an English theoretical physicist who made fundamental contributions to the early development of both quantum mechanics and quantum electrodynamics. He held the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge and spent the last fourteen years of his life at Florida State University.

Among other discoveries, he formulated the Dirac equation, which describes the behaviour of fermions, and predicted the existence of antimatter.

Dirac shared the Nobel Prize in physics for 1933 with Erwin Schrödinger, "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory."^[1]

Career

Dirac noticed an analogy between the Poisson brackets of classical mechanics and the recently proposed quantization rules in Werner Heisenberg's matrix formulation of quantum mechanics. This observation allowed Dirac to obtain the quantization rules in a novel and more illuminating manner. For this work, published in 1926, he received a Ph.D. from Cambridge.

In 1928, building on 2x2 spin matrices which he discovered independently (Abraham Pais quoted Dirac as saying "I believe I got these (matrices) independently of Pauli and possibly Pauli got these independently of me")^[19] of Wolfgang Pauli's work on non-relativistic spin systems, he proposed the Dirac equation as a relativistic equation of motion for the wavefunction of the electron.^[20] This work led Dirac to predict the existence of the positron, the electron's antiparticle, which he interpreted in terms of what came to be called the Dirac sea.^[21] The positron was observed by Carl Anderson in 1932. Dirac's equation also contributed to explaining the origin of quantum spin as a relativistic phenomenon.

The necessity of fermions i.e. matter being created and destroyed in Enrico Fermi's 1934 theory of beta decay, however, led to a reinterpretation of Dirac's equation as a "classical" field equation for any point particle of spin ħ/2, itself subject to quantization conditions involving anti-commutators. Thus reinterpreted, in 1934 by Werner Heisenberg, as a (quantum) field equation accurately describing all elementary matter particles- today quarks and leptons – this Dirac field equation is as central to theoretical physics as the Maxwell, Yang-Mills and Einstein field equations. Dirac is regarded as the founder of quantum electrodynamics, being the first to use that term. He also introduced the idea of vacuum polarization in the early 1930s. This work was key to the development of quantum mechanics by the next generation of theorists, and in particular Schwinger, Feynman, Sin-Itiro Tomonaga and Dyson in their formulation of quantum electrodynamics.

Dirac's Principles of Quantum Mechanics, published in 1930, is a landmark in the history of science. It quickly became one of the standard textbooks on the subject and is still used today. In that book, Dirac incorporated the previous work of Werner Heisenberg on matrix mechanics and of Erwin Schrödinger on wave mechanics into a single mathematical formalism that associates measurable quantities to operators acting on the Hilbert space of vectors that describe the state of a physical system. The book also introduced the delta function. Following his 1939 article,^[22] he also included the bra-ket notation in the third edition of his book,^[23] thereby contributing to its universal use nowadays.

In 1933, following his 1931 paper on magnetic monopoles, Dirac showed that the existence of a single magnetic monopole in the universe would suffice to explain the observed quantization of electrical charge. In 1975,^[24] 1982,^[25] and 2009^[26][27][28] intriguing results suggested the possible detection of magnetic monopoles, but there is, to date, no direct evidence for their existence.

Dirac was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge from 1932 to 1969. In 1937, he proposed a speculative cosmological model based on the so-called large numbers hypothesis. During World War II, he conducted important theoretical and experimental research on uranium enrichment by gas centrifuge.

Dirac's quantum electrodynamics made predictions that were – more often than not – infinite and therefore unacceptable. A workaround known as renormalization was developed, but Dirac never accepted this. "I must say that I am very dissatisfied with the situation," he said in 1975, "because this so-called 'good theory' does involve neglecting infinities which appear in its equations, neglecting them in an arbitrary way. This is just not sensible mathematics. Sensible mathematics involves neglecting a quantity when it is small – not neglecting it just because it is infinitely great and you do not want it!"^[29] His refusal to accept renormalization, resulted in his work on the subject moving increasingly out of the mainstream. However, from his once rejected notes he managed to work on putting quantum electrodynamics on "logical foundations" based on Hamiltonian formalism that he formulated. He found a rather novel way of deriving the anomalous magnetic moment "Schwinger term" and also the Lamb shift, afresh, using the Heisenberg picture and without using the joining method used by Weisskopf and French, the two pioneers of modern QED, Schwinger and Feynman, in 1963. That was two years before the Tomonaga-Schwinger-Feynman QED was given formal recognition by an award of the Nobel Prize for physics. Weisskopf and French (FW) were the first to obtain the correct result for the Lamb shift and the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron. At first FW results did not agree with the incorrect but independent results of Feynman and Schwinger (Schweber SS 1994 "QED and the men who made it: Dyson,Feynman,Schwinger and Tomonaga", Princeton :PUP). The 1963–1964 lectures Dirac gave on quantum field theory at Yeshiva University were published in 1966 as the Belfer Graduate School of Science, Monograph Series Number, 3. After having relocated to Florida in order to be near his elder daughter, Mary, Dirac spent his last fourteen years (of both life and physics research) at the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida and Florida State University in Tallahassee, Florida.

In the 1950s in his search for a better QED, Paul Dirac developed the Hamiltonian theory of constraints (Canad J Math 1950 vol 2, 129; 1951 vol 3, 1) based on lectures that he delivered at the 1949 International Mathematical Congress in Canada. Dirac (1951 “The Hamiltonian Form of Field Dynamics” Canad Jour Math, vol 3 ,1) had also solved the problem of putting the Tomonaga-Schwinger equation into the Schrödinger representation (See Phillips R J N 1987 “Tributes to Dirac” p31 London:Adam Hilger) and given explicit expressions for the scalar meson field (spin zero pion or pseudoscalar meson), the vector meson field (spin one rho meson), and the electromagnetic field (spin one massless boson, photon).

The Hamiltonian of constrained systems is one of Dirac’s many masterpieces. It is a powerful generalization of Hamiltonian theory that remains valid for curved spacetime. The equations for the Hamiltonian involve only six degrees of freedom described by g_rs,p^rs for each point of the surface on which the state is considered. The g_m0(m = 0,1,2,3) appear in the theory only through the variables g^r0, ( − g⁰⁰) ^{− 1 / 2} which occur as arbitrary coefficients in the equations of motion. H=∫d³x[( − g⁰⁰) ^{− 1 / 2}H_L – g^r0/g⁰⁰ H_r] There are four constraints or weak equations for each point of the surface x⁰ = constant. Three of them H_r form the four vector density in the surface. The fourth H_L is a 3-dimensional scalar density in the surface H_L≈0; H_r≈0 (r=1,2,3)

In the late 1950s he applied the Hamiltonian methods he had developed to cast Einstein’s general relativity in Hamiltonian form (Proc Roy Soc 1958,A vol 246, 333,Phys Rev 1959,vol 114, 924) and to bring to a technical completion the quantization problem of gravitation and bring it also closer to the rest of physics according to Salam and DeWitt. In 1959 also he gave an invited talk on "Energy of the Gravitational Field" at the New York Meeting of the American Physical Society later published in 1959 Phys Rev Lett 2, 368. In 1964 he published his “Lectures on Quantum Mechanics” (London:Academic) which deals with constrained dynamics of nonlinear dynamical systems including quantization of curved spacetime. He also published a paper entitled “Quantization of the Gravitational Field” in 1967 ICTP/IAEA Trieste Symposium on Contemporary Physics.

If one considers waves moving in the direction x³ resolved into the corresponding Fourier components (r,s = 1,2,3), the variables in the degrees of freedom 13,23,33 are affected by the changes in the coordinate system whereas those in the degrees of freedom 12, (11-22) remain invariant under such changes. The expression for the energy splits up into terms each associated with one of these six degrees of freedom without any cross terms associated with two of them. The degrees of freedom 13, 23, 33 do not appear at all in the expression for energy of gravitational waves in the direction x³. The two degrees of freedom 12, (11-22) contribute a positive definite amount of such a form to represent the energy of gravitational waves. These two degrees of freedom correspond in the language of quantum theory , to the gravitational photons (gravitons) with spin +2 or -2 in their direction of motion. The degrees of freedom (11+22) gives rise to the Newtonian potential energy term showing the gravitational force between the two positive mass is attractive and the self energy of every mass is negative.

Amongst his many students was John Polkinghorne, who recalls that Dirac "was once asked what was his fundamental belief. He strode to a blackboard and wrote that the laws of nature should be expressed in beautiful equations."^[30]

Sumber:

1. Wikipedia

2. Nobel Prize Org.

Ucapan Terima Kasih:

1. DEPDIKNAS Republik Indonesia

2. Kementrian Riset dan Teknologi Indonesia

3. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI)

4. Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia

5. Tim Olimpiade Fisika Indonesia

Disusun Ulang Oleh: 

Arip Nurahman

Pendidikan Fisika, FPMIPA, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
&
Follower Open Course Ware at MIT-Harvard University, USA.

Semoga Bermanfaat dan Terima kasih

How Indonesian People Get Nobel Prize in The Future

Central for Research and Development for Winning

Nobel Prize in Physics at Indonesia

Nobel Fisika Indonesia

"Seorang Pakar adalah seseorang yang mengetahui beberapa kesalahan terburuk yang dapat dibuat dalam subjek dan cara menghindarinya"
~Werner Karl H.~ 

Ada hal-hal yang sangat serius sehingga Anda hanya bisa bercanda tentang mereka."
~Werner Karl H.~ 

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1932

"for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen"

Werner Karl Heisenberg
Germany
Leipzig University Leipzig, Germany
b. 1901 d. 1976

Titles, data and places given above refer to the time of the award.
Photos: Copyright © The Nobel Foundation

Nobel Lecture

Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1933

The Development of Quantum Mechanics

The Lecture in Text Format
Pdf 46 kB »
Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 1932

From Nobel Lectures, Physics 1922-1941, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1965

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Werner Heisenberg
Born	Werner Karl Heisenberg 5 December 1901 Würzburg, Germany
Died	1 February 1976 (aged 74) Munich, Germany
Nationality	German
Fields	Physics
Institutions	University of Göttingen University of Copenhagen University of Leipzig University of Berlin University of Munich
Alma mater	University of Munich
Doctoral advisor	Arnold Sommerfeld
Other academic advisors	Niels Bohr Max Born
Doctoral students	Felix Bloch Edward Teller Rudolph E. Peierls Reinhard Oehme Friedwardt Winterberg Peter Mittelstaedt Şerban Ţiţeica Ivan Supek Erich Bagge Hermann Arthur Jahn Raziuddin Siddiqui Heimo Dolch Hans Heinrich Euler Edwin Gora Bernhard Kockel Arnold Siegert Wang Foh-san
Other notable students	William Vermillion Houston Guido Beck Ugo Fano
Known for	Uncertainty Principle Heisenberg's microscope Matrix mechanics Kramers-Heisenberg formula Heisenberg group Isospin
Influenced	Robert Döpel Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker
Notable awards	Nobel Prize in Physics (1932) Max Planck Medal (1933)
Spouse	Elisabeth Schumacher (1937-1976)
Notes He was the father of the neurobiologist Martin Heisenberg and the son of August Heisenberg

Werner Heisenberg (5 December 1901 – 1 February 1976) was a German theoretical physicist who made foundational contributions to quantum mechanics and is best known for asserting the uncertainty principle of quantum theory. In addition, he made important contributions to nuclear physics, quantum field theory, and particle physics.

Heisenberg, along with Max Born and Pascual Jordan, set forth the matrix formulation ofquantum mechanics in 1925. Heisenberg was awarded the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physicsfor the creation of quantum mechanics, and its application especially to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen.^[1]

Following World War II, he was appointed director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, which was soon thereafter renamed the Max Planck Institute for Physics. He was director of the institute until it was moved to Munich in 1958, when it was expanded and renamed the Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics.

Heisenberg was also president of the German Research Council, chairman of the Commission for Atomic Physics, chairman of the Nuclear Physics Working Group, and president of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.

Career

Göttingen, Copenhagen, and Leipzig

From 1924 to 1927, Heisenberg was a Privatdozent at Göttingen. From 17 September 1924 to 1 May 1925, under an International Education Board Rockefeller Foundation fellowship, Heisenberg went to do research with Niels Bohr, director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen. He returned to Göttingen and with Max Born and Pascual Jordan, over a period of about six months, developed the matrix mechanics formulation of quantum mechanics. On 1 May 1926, Heisenberg began his appointment as a university lecturer and assistant to Bohr in Copenhagen. It was in Copenhagen, in 1927, that Heisenberg developed his uncertainty principle, while working on the mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics. On 23 February, Heisenberg wrote a letter to fellow physicist Wolfgang Pauli, in which he first described his new principle.^[16] In his paper^[17] on the uncertainty principle, Heisenberg used the word "Ungenauigkeit" (imprecision).^[3][18][19]

In 1927, Heisenberg was appointed ordentlicher Professor (ordinarius professor) of theoretical physics and head of the department of physics at the Universität Leipzig; he gave his inaugural lecture on 1 February 1928. In his first paper published from Leipzig,^[20] Heisenberg used thePauli exclusion principle to solve the mystery of ferromagnetism.^{[3][4][18][21]}

In Heisenberg's tenure at Leipzig, the quality of doctoral students, post-graduate and research associates who studied and worked with Heisenberg there is attested to by the acclaim later earned by these people; at various times, they included: Erich Bagge, Felix Bloch, Ugo Fano, Siegfried Flügge, William Vermillion Houston, Friedrich Hund, Robert S. Mulliken, Rudolf Peierls, George Placzek, Isidor Isaac Rabi,Fritz Sauter, John C. Slater, Edward Teller, John Hasbrouck van Vleck, Victor Frederick Weisskopf, Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, Gregor Wentzel and Clarence Zener.^[22]

In early 1929, Heisenberg and Pauli submitted the first of two papers^[23][24] laying the foundation for relativistic quantum field theory. Also in 1929, Heisenberg went on a lecture tour in the United States, Japan, China, and India.^[18][22]

Shortly after the discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick in 1932, Heisenberg submitted the first of three papers^[25][26][27] on his neutron-proton model of the nucleus. He was awarded the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physics.^[18][28]

In 1928, the British mathematical physicist P. A. M. Dirac had derived the relativistic wave equation of quantum mechanics, which implied the existence of positive electrons, later to be named positrons. In 1932, from a cloud chamber photograph of cosmic rays, the American physicist Carl David Anderson identified a track as having been made by a positron. In mid-1933, Heisenberg presented his theory of the positron. His thinking on Dirac's theory and further development of the theory were set forth in two papers. The first, Bemerkungen zur Diracschen Theorie des Positrons (Remarks on Dirac's theory of the positron) was published in 1934,^[29] and the second, Folgerungen aus der Diracschen Theorie des Positrons (Consequences of Dirac's Theory of the Positron), was published in 1936.^[18][30][31] In these papers Heisenberg was the first to reinterpret the Dirac equation as a "classical" field equation for any point particle of spin ħ/2, itself subject to quantization conditions involving anti-commutators. Thus reinterpreting it as a (quantum) field equation accurately describing electrons, Heisenberg put matter on the same footing as electromagnetism: as being described by relativistic quantum field equations which allowed the possibility of particle creation and destruction.

In the early 1930s in Germany, the deutsche Physik movement was anti-Semitic and anti-theoretical physics, especially including quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity. As applied in the university environment, political factors took priority over the historically applied concept of scholarly ability,^[32] even though its two most prominent supporters were the Nobel Laureates in Physics Philipp Lenard^[33] andJohannes Stark.^[34]

After Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, Heisenberg was attacked in the press as a "White Jew"^[35] by elements of the deutsche Physik(German Physics) movement for his insistence on teaching about the roles of Jewish scientists. As a result, he came under investigation by the SS. This was over an attempt to appoint Heisenberg as successor to Arnold Sommerfeld at the University of Munich. The issue was resolved in 1938 by Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS. While Heisenberg was not chosen as Sommerfeld's successor, he was rehabilitated to the physics community during the Third Reich. Nevertheless, supporters of deutsche Physik launched vicious attacks against leading theoretical physicists, including Arnold Sommerfeld and Heisenberg. On 29 June 1936, a National Socialist Party newspaper published a column attacking Heisenberg. On 15 July 1937, he was attacked in a journal of the SS. This was the beginning of what is called theHeisenberg Affair.^[18]

In mid-1936, Heisenberg presented his theory of cosmic-ray showers in two papers.^[36][37] Four more papers^{[38][39][40][41]} appeared in the next two years.^[18][42]

In June 1939, Heisenberg bought a summer home for his family in Urfeld, in southern Germany. He also traveled to the United States in June and July, visiting Samuel Abraham Goudsmit, at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. However, Heisenberg refused an invitation to emigrate to the United States. He did not see Goudsmit again until six years later, when Goudsmit was the chief scientific advisor to the American Operation Alsos at the close of World War II. Ironically, Heisenberg was arrested under Operation Alsos and detained in England under Operation Epsilon.^[18][43][44]

Books

• Werner Heisenberg, Carl Eckart (translator), and F.C. Hoyt (translator) The Physical Principles of the Quantum Theory (Dover, 1930)
• Werner Heisenberg Das Naturbild der heutigen Physik (1955)
• Werner Heisenberg Philosophic problems of nuclear science (Fawcett, 1966)
• Werner Heisenberg Physics and Beyond: Encounters and Conversations (Harper & Row, 1971)
• Werner Heisenberg and Jürgen Busche Quantentheorie und Philosophie: Vorlesungen und Aufsätze (Reclam, 1979)
• Werner Heisenberg Philosophical Problems of Quantum Physics (Ox Bow, 1979)
• Werner Heisenberg Physik und Philosophie: Weltperspektiven. (Ullstein Taschenbuchvlg., 1988)
• Werner Heisenberg Encounters with Einstein (Princeton University, 1989)
• Werner Heisenberg and F. S. C. Northrop Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution in Modern Science (Great Minds Series) (Prometheus, 1999)
• Werner Heisenberg Der Teil und das Ganze: Gespräche im Umkreis der Atomphysik (Piper, 2001)
• Werner Heisenberg Deutsche und Jüdische Physik (Piper, 2002)
• Werner Heisenberg Physik und Philosophie (Hirzel, 2007)
• Werner Heisenberg Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution in Modern Science (Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2007) (full text of 1958 version)

Sumber:

1. Wikipedia

2. Nobel Prize Org.

Ucapan Terima Kasih:

1. DEPDIKNAS Republik Indonesia

2. Kementrian Riset dan Teknologi Indonesia

3. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI)

4. Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia

5. Tim Olimpiade Fisika Indonesia

Disusun Ulang Oleh: 

Arip Nurahman

Pendidikan Fisika, FPMIPA, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
&
Follower Open Course Ware at MIT-Harvard University, USA.

Semoga Bermanfaat dan Terima Kasih