Super String Theory External Links

• Superstring Theory Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
• Schwarz, Patricia (1998). "The Official String Theory Web Site". http://superstringtheory.com/.
• WGBH Educational Foundation (2003). "The Elegant Universe". PBS Online, NOVA. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/elegant/. – A Three-Hour Miniseries with Brian Greene by NOVA (original PBS Broadcast Dates: October 28, 8-10 p.m. and November 4, 8-9 p.m., 2003). Various images, texts, videos and animations explaining string theory.
• Troost, Jan (2002). "Beyond String Theory". Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Theoretical Physics (TENA). http://tena4.vub.ac.be/beyondstringtheory/. – An ongoing project by a string physicist, working for the French CNRS.
• Dialogue on the Foundations of String Theory at MathPages
• Pierre, John M. (1999). "Superstrings! String Theory Home Page". http://www.sukidog.com/jpierre/strings/. – Online tutorial.
• Motl, Luboš; Screiber, Urs. "SCI.physics. STRINGS newsgroup". Harvard High Energy Theory Group. http://schwinger.harvard.edu/~sps/. – A moderated newsgroup for discussion of string theory (a theory of quantum gravity and unification of forces) and related fields of high-energy physics.
• Schwarz, John H. (2000). "Introduction to Superstring Theory". arXiv.org e-Print archive. http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ex/0008017. – Four lectures, presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Techniques and Concepts of High Energy Physics, St. Croix, Virgin Islands, in June 2000, and addressed to an audience of graduate students in experimental high energy physics, survey basic concepts in string theory.
• Witten, Edward (1998). "Duality, Spacetime and Quantum Mechanics". Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics. http://online.itp.ucsb.edu/online/plecture/witten/. – Slides and audio from an Ed Witten lecture where he introduces string theory and discusses its challenges.
• Kibble, Tom (2004). "Cosmic strings reborn?". arXiv.org e-Print archive. http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0410073/. – Invited Lecture at COSLAB 2004, held at Ambleside, Cumbria, United Kingdom, from 10 to 17 September 2004.
• Marolf, Don (2004). "Resource Letter NSST-1: The Nature and Status of String Theory". arXiv.org e-Print archive. http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0311044/. – A guide to the string theory literature.
• Ajay, Shakeeb, Wieland et al. (2004). "The nth dimension". http://thenthdimension.com/. – A comprehensive compilation of materials concerning string theory. Created by an international team of students.
• Woit, Peter (2002). "Is string theory even wrong?". American Scientist. http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/18638/. – A criticism of string theory.
• Woit, Peter (2004). "Not Even Wrong". Columbia University Mathematics Department. http://www.math.columbia.edu/~woit/blog/. – A blog critical of string theory.
• Veneziano, Gabriele (May 2004), "The Myth of the Beginning of Time", Scientific American, http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&articleID=00042F0D-1A0E-1085-94F483414B7F0000
• McKie, Robin (2006-10-09), "Setback as string theory of the universe is de-bunked", The Hindu, http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/008200610091240.htm
• Harris, Richard (2006-11-07). "Short of 'All,' String Theorists Accused of Nothing". National Public Radio. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6377252. Retrieved on 2007-03-05.
• A website dedicated to creative writing inspired by string theory.
• George Gardner (2007-01-24). "Theory of everything put to the test". tech.blorge.com. (Web link). Retrieved on 2007-03-03.
• Minkel, J. R. (2006-03-02), "A Prediction from String Theory, with Strings Attached", Scientific American, http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanId=sa003&articleId=1475A684-E7F2-99DF-355B95296BE6031C
• Chalmers, Matthew (2007-09-03). "Stringscape". Physics World. http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/indepth/30940. — An up-to-date and thorough review of string theory in a popular way.
• Smolin, Lee. The Trouble With Physics: The Rise of String Theory, the Fall of a Science, and What Comes Next (2006), Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-55105-7.
• Woit, Peter. Not Even Wrong: The Failure of String Theory & the Continuing Challenge to Unify the Laws of Physics, 2006. ISBN 0-224-07605-1 (Jonathan Cape), ISBN 0-465-09275-6 (Basic Books)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory"

Categories: Particle physics | Physical cosmology | String theory | Fundamental physics concepts | Theoretical physics

Bimbingan Ilmu Peroketan untuk Para Pendidik

Audience: Educators
Grades: K-12
Product Number: EG-2011-11-223-KSC

Few classroom topics generate as much excitement as rockets. The scientific, technological, engineering and mathematical foundations of rocketry provide exciting classroom opportunities for authentic hands-on, minds-on experimentation.

The activities and lesson plans contained in this educator guide emphasize hands-on science, prediction, data collection and interpretation, teamwork, and problem solving.

The guide also contains background information about the history of rockets and basic rocket science. The rocket activities in this guide support national curriculum standards for science, mathematics and technology.

The guide contains new and updated lessons and activities from the original Rockets Educator Guide.

Introductory Pages
A Pictorial History of Rockets
What Comes Next
How Rockets Work
Applying Newton's Laws
Pop Can Hero Engine
3...2...1...PUFF!
Heavy Lifting
Newton Car
Rocket Races
Pop! Rocket Launcher Directions
Pop! Rockets
Foam Rocket
Launch Altitude Tracker
Rocket Wind Tunnel
Advanced High-Power Paper Rockets
Water Rocket Launcher Directions
Water Rocket Construction
Project X-51
Additional Resources

Source: NASA

Indonesia National Astrophysics Laboratory

Laboratorium Astrofisika Nasional Indonesia

Visi

Riset dan Pengembangan  Aplikasi Astrofisika Terapan

Misi

Among the objects studied are galaxies, stars, planets, exoplanets, the interstellar medium and the cosmic microwave background. Their emissions are examined across all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, and the properties examined include luminosity, density, temperature, and chemical composition. The study of cosmology addresses questions of astrophysics at scales much larger than the size of particular gravitationally-bound objects in the universe.

1. Observational cosmology and galaxies

2. Theoretical extragalactic astrophysics and cosmology

3. Stellar Astrophysics

4. The interstellar medium

5. Astronomical instrumentation

Program

1. Riset

2. Kompetisi

3. Publikasi

4. Seminar

5. Pendidikan

Observational astrophysics

The majority of astrophysical observations are made using the electromagnetic spectrum.

• Radio astronomy studies radiation with a wavelength greater than a few millimeters. Example areas of study are radio waves, usually emitted by cold objects such as interstellar gas and dust clouds; the cosmic microwave background radiation which is the redshifted light from the Big Bang; Pulsars, which were first detected at microwave frequencies. The study of these waves requires very large radio telescopes.
• Infrared astronomy studies radiation with a wavelength that is too long to be visible to the naked eye but is shorter than radio waves. Infrared observations are usually made with telescopes similar to the familiar optical telescopes. Objects colder than stars (such as planets) are normally studied at infrared frequencies.
• Optical astronomy is the oldest kind of astronomy. Telescopes paired with a charge-coupled device or spectroscopes are the most common instruments used. The Earth's atmosphere interferes somewhat with optical observations, soadaptive optics and space telescopes are used to obtain the highest possible image quality. In this wavelength range, stars are highly visible, and many chemical spectra can be observed to study the chemical composition of stars, galaxies and nebulae.
• Ultraviolet, X-ray and gamma ray astronomy study very energetic processes such as binary pulsars, black holes, magnetars, and many others. These kinds of radiation do not penetrate the Earth's atmosphere well. There are two methods in use to observe this part of the electromagnetic spectrum—space-based telescopes and ground-based imaging air Cherenkov telescopes (IACT). Examples of Observatories of the first type are RXTE, the Chandra X-ray Observatory and the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory. Examples of IACTs are the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) and the MAGIC telescope.

Other than electromagnetic radiation, few things may be observed from the Earth that originate from great distances. A few gravitational wave observatories have been constructed, but gravitational waves are extremely difficult to detect.Neutrino observatories have also been built, primarily to study our Sun. Cosmic rays consisting of very high energy particles can be observed hitting the Earth's atmosphere.

Observations can also vary in their time scale. Most optical observations take minutes to hours, so phenomena that change faster than this cannot readily be observed. However, historical data on some objects is available spanning centuriesor millennia. On the other hand, radio observations may look at events on a millisecond timescale (millisecond pulsars) or combine years of data (pulsar deceleration studies). The information obtained from these different timescales is very different.

The study of our very own Sun has a special place in observational astrophysics. Due to the tremendous distance of all other stars, the Sun can be observed in a kind of detail unparalleled by any other star. Our understanding of our own sun serves as a guide to our understanding of other stars.

The topic of how stars change, or stellar evolution, is often modeled by placing the varieties of star types in their respective positions on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, which can be viewed as representing the state of a stellar object, from birth to destruction. The material composition of the astronomical objects can often be examined using:

• Spectroscopy
• Radio astronomy
• Neutrino astronomy (future prospects)

References

1. ^ "astrophysics". Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. Retrieved 2011-05-22.
2. ^ Lucio Russo, Flussi e riflussi, Feltrinelli, Milano, 2003, ISBN 88-07-10349-4.
3. ^ Bartel Leendert van der Waerden (1987). "The Heliocentric System in Greek, Persian and Hindu Astronomy", Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 500 (1), 525–545 [527].
4. ^ Bartel Leendert van der Waerden (1987). "The Heliocentric System in Greek, Persian and Hindu Astronomy", Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 500 (1), 525–545 [527-529].
5. ^ Bartel Leendert van der Waerden (1987). "The Heliocentric System in Greek, Persian and Hindu Astronomy", Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 500 (1), 525–545 [534-537].