Friday, 15 March 2013

Sinergi Fisika dan Matematika

Ilmu tanpa agama buta, dan agama tanpa ilmu adalah lumpuh
~Almarhum Prof. Albert Einstein~


Mathematical physics refers to development of mathematical methods for application to problems in physics. The Journal of Mathematical Physics defines the field as: "the application of mathematics to problems in physics and the development of mathematical methods suitable for such applications and for the formulation of physical theories".



Fisika adalah Upaya Merekonstruksi Matematika Alam


By: Dr. rer. nat. Muhammad Farchani Rosyid, M.Sc.


Abstract:

Physics, at least in my opinion, is an attempt to find out the mathematics of the nature, i.e. the totality of patterns obeyed by all natural phenomena. The mathematics under question should not be thoroughly the mathematics known today by human being. The today mathematics is merely a kind of approximation to the mathematics of the nature.

Sejarah mencatat adanya hubungan yang teramat khusus antara fisika dan matematika. Tidak ada hubungan yang terjalin antara dua disiplin ilmu sedemikian erat melebihi eratnya hubungan antara fisika dan matematika. Di Mesir kuno geometri digagas karena terkait urusan agraria, yakni untuk urusan pengukuran tanah. Motivasi serupa namun dalam sekala yang lebih luas juga dimiliki oleh Gauss, ketika ia menggagas geometri diferensial intrinsik untuk permukaan-permukaan dalam ruang.

Isaac Newton menghabiskan waktu sebelas tahun untuk mengembangkan kalkulus dalam rangka untuk memahami mekanika dan gravitasi benda-benda langit. Poincaré pun tak jauh berbeda dari para matematikawan yang disebut sebelumnya. Bagi Poincaré peninjauan sistem-sistem dinamis membutuhkan peranti matematis yang lebih mendalam dan memiliki cakupan yang luas, yakni harus melibatkan L’Analysis Sitûs (topologi). Matematika dan ilmu fisika berkembang beriringan selama berabad-abad. Adakalanya perkembangan fisika dan matematika berada di satu figur (semisal pada diri Archimedes dan Newton).

Tetapi, kebanyakan perkembangan yang terjadi melibatkan sekian banyak figur. Sayang, ada masanya kebersamaan itu mencapai kejenuhan dan tibalah saat keduanya harus berjalan sendiri-sendiri. Matematika terus berkembang dengan kekuatan abstraksi dan generalisasi tanpa tekanan oleh realitas. Sementara para fisikawan ditekan oleh realitas sehingga tidak punya waktu untuk melakukan itu semua. Akan tetapi kedua ilmu itu membuktikan adanya saling melengkapi dan bahkan terdapat paralelisme meskipun berjalan sendiri-sendiri.

Relativitas umum yang digagas oleh Albert Einstein berdasar inspirasi dari Ernst Mach tidak lain adalah kasus khusus implementasi geometri differensial. Gagasan Einstein itu, pada akhirnya diparipurnakan oleh David Hilbert (seorang matematikawan). Mekanika kuantum yang dibangun oleh Heisenberg, Schroedinger, dan beberapa figur yang lain ternyata, sebagaimana ditunjukkan oleh von Neumann, merupakan mekanisme dalam teori ruang Hilbert (analisa fungsional) yang dikombinasikan dengan teori peluang.

Selanjutnya panggung sejarah ilmu fisika menyajikan episode-episode menarik. Berangkat dari gagasan Dirac untuk membangun profil medan elektromagnetik yang sejalan dengan mekanika kuantum, diteruskan dengan elektrodinamika kuantum Feynman, Dyson, Schwinger dan Tomonaga, lalu giliran model Yang-Mill untuk spin isotopis, kemudian teori elektrolemah Weinberg dan Abdusalam dan sebagainya.

Pemain bintang dalam epos yang ditampilkan dalam panggung sejarah fisika itu adalah yang disebut oleh fisikawan sebagai teori medan tera yang dikembangkan oleh para fisikawan sebagai kerangka teoretis bagi interaksi-interaksi fundamental. Tidak kalah gegap gempita adalah epos yang ditampilkan dalam panggung sejarah matematika. Epos kolosal di sana dimulai dari kajian lebih mendalam terhadap topologi dan geometri manifold differensibel, dilanjutkan dengan munculnya konsep untingan serat (fibre bundel) dan sifat-sifatnya. Giliran berikutnya adalah penampilan koneksi pada untingan serat, dan kelengkungan terkait dengan koneksi itu. Pendalaman lebih lanjut menghasilkan kelas-kelas karakteristik untingan serat dengan koneksi.

Tanpa ada janjian sebelumnya, kedua epos yang ditampilkan dalam dua panggung yang berbeda itu ternyata menceritakan kisah kepahlawanan yang sama. Teori medan tera bagi fisikawan adalah teori tentang untingan serat dengan koneksi bagi matematikawan. Perkembangan-perkembangan selanjutnya yang terjadi pada kedua ilmu itu pun masih dihiasi oleh paralelisme-paralelisme semacam itu. Misalnya, ketika para fisikawan tertarik berbicara grup kuantum, para matematikawan sibuk dengan aljabar Hopf. Kenyataannya, keduanya identik.

Terdapat simbiosis mutualisme antara fisika dan matematika. Di satu pihak, fisikawan membutuhkan peranti analisis dan objek-objek matematis guna menyelesaikan permasalahan dan memodelkan keteraturan alam.

Di pihak lain ternyata tuntutan kebutuhan matematika tingkat lanjut memicu dan mengilhami para matematikawan untuk memunculkan gagasan-gagasan matematis yang belum terpikirkan sebelumnya.

Dalam hal ini, fisika menuntun perkembangan ilmu matematika.




Prominent Mathematical Physicists

 

 

Prominent contributors to the 20th century's mathematical physics include Satyendra Nath Bose [1894–1974], Julian Schwinger [1918–1994], Sin-Itiro Tomonaga [1906–1979], Richard Feynman [1918–1988], Freeman Dyson [1923– ], Hideki Yukawa [1907–1981], Roger Penrose [1931– ], Munir Ahmad Rashid [1934- ], Stephen Hawking [1942– ], Edward Witten [1951– ], and Rudolf Haag [1922– ]. Yet mathematical physics is often traced to Archimedes in ancient Greece.

In the first decade of the 16th century, amateur astronomer Nicholas Copernicus proposed heliocentrism, and published a treatise on it in 1543. Not quite radical, Copernicus merely sought to simplify astronomy and achieve orbits of more perfect circles, stated by Aristotelian physics to be the intrinsic motion of Aristotle's fifth element—the quintessence or universal essence known in Greek as aither for the English pure air—that was the pure substance beyond the sublunary sphere, and thus was celestial entities' pure composition. The German Johannes Kepler [1571–1630], Tycho Brahe's assistant, modified Copernican orbits to ellipses, however, formalized in the equations of Kepler's laws of planetary motion.

An enthusiastic atomist, Galileo Galilei in his 1623 book The Assayer asserted that the "book of nature" is written in mathematics. His 1632 book, upon his telescopic observations, supported heliocentrism. Having introducing experimentation, Galileo then refuted geocentric cosmology by refuting Aristotelian physics itself. Galilei's 1638 book Discourse on Two New Sciences established law of equal free fall as well as the principles of inertial motion, founding the central concepts of what would become today's classical mechanics. By the Galilean law of inertia as well as the principle Galilean invariance, also called Galilean relativity, for any object experiencing inertia, there is empirical justification of knowing only its being at relative rest or relative motion—rest or motion with respect to another object.

René Descartes adopted Galilean principles and developed a complete system of heliocentric cosmology, anchored on the princple of vortex motion, Cartesian physics, whose widespread acceptance brought demise of Aristotelian physics. Descartes sought to formalize mathematical reasoning in science, and developed Cartesian coordinates for geometrically plotting locations in 3D space and marking their progressions along the flow of time.


"Wahai anak muda, jika engkau tidak sanggup menahan lelahnya belajar, engkau harus menanggung betapa pahitnya kebodohan."
~Pythagoras, Born 570 BC, Died 495 BC~



 

 

Textbooks for graduate studies

 

Ucapan Terima Kasih: 

Kepada Guru-guru dan para Dosen ku selama ini.

Terima Kasih.

Thursday, 14 March 2013

Membangun Kerjasama Pertahanan Antar Bangsa

Presiden SBY menerima pataka atau bendera Universitas Pertahanan Indonesia dari Mentri Pertahanan Prof. Juwono Sudarsono pada acara peresmian universitas tersebut di Istana Negara


"Defense planning and management is a comprehensive endeavor that encompasses six different areas. There are three core areas:  force, resource and weapon systems planning; and three supporting streams: logistics, C4SRI (command, control, communication computer, surveillance, reconnaissance, information) ), and civil emergency. Defense planning relates to other disciplines, such as air and naval technology development, standardization, intelligence, operational planning, and force generation." 
~Prof. Juwono Sudarsono, M.A., Ph.D., Former Minister of Defense, Education and Environment~




Mengunjungi Statsiun Pusat Peluncuran Roket Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional

Indonesia mempunyai karakteristik geografi yang terdiri atas gugusan Kepulauan Nusantara, yang terletak di posisi silang dengan aneka ragam sumber daya alam dan demografi yang majemuk wajib dilindungi dan dipertahankan. Kondisi Indonesia tersebut di satu sisi mengandung kekuatan besar untuk didayagunakan bagi sebesar-besarnya kemakmuran rakyat, tetapi di sisi lain juga mengisyaratkan suatu tantangan yang besar bagi pengelolaan dan pengamanannya yang berimplikasi terhadap diperlukannya pembangunan dan pengelolaan sistem pertahanan negara yang handal. 
Berdasarkan hal tersebut di atas, negara memerlukan pendekatan pertahanan yang komprehensif dalam menghadapi setiap ancaman dengan memadukan seluruh kekuatan bangsa, baik kekuatan militer maupun nirmiliter. Keterpaduan kekuatan militer dan nirmiliter merupakan pengejawantahan sistem pertahanan yang dianut bangsa Indonesia, yakni sistem pertahanan yang bersifat semesta. 
Upaya pertahanan negara merupakan tanggung jawab dan kehormatan setiap warga negara Indonesia yang diselenggarakan melalui fungsi pemerintah. Agar penyelenggaraan fungsi pertahanan negara terlaksana secara efektif sesuai dengan nilai-nilai keIndonesiaan sebagai negara demokrasi yang merdeka, berdaulat, dan berdasarkan hukum, diperlukan suatu ideologi dan filosofi untuk menuntun setiap unsur yang terlibat. 
Oleh karena itu, Ideologi Pertahanan Negara Indonesia ditetapkan sebagai pengejawantahan tekad, prinsip, dan kehendak untuk menyelenggarakan pertahanan negara. Ideologi atau Doktrin Pertahanan Negara selanjutnya dijadikan sebagai salah satu perangkat utama dalam mengembangkan kebijakan dan strategi pertahanan negara.
Dalam Ideologi Pertahanan Negara ini dijelaskan tentang Hakikat, Kedudukan dan Landasan Doktrin Pertahanan, Perjuangan Bangsa Indonesia untuk berdiri sejajar dengan bangsa lain di dunia, Hakikat ancaman, Konsepsi Pertahanan Negara, Penyelenggaraan Pertahanan Negara dan Pembinaan Kemampuan Pertahanan Negara.



"Peneliti Muda Sedang Mengamati Roket Mini Buatan LAPAN"

Weapon Systems Planning

Weapon systems planning is one of the main constituting elements of Dephan’s defense planning process. It aims to support the country’s political and economic objectives and focuses on the development of inter-service (but not common-funded) programs. It does this by promoting cost-effective acquisition, co-operative development and graduated increased local production of weapons systems . It also encourages interoperability, and technological and industrial co-operation among the three services and related ministries and government agencies.

Dephan’s mandate is to cooperate closely with the Ministry of State Enterprises (Menneg BUMN) which has legal and financial control over five strategic industries: PT Pindad; PT PAL; PT Dahana; PT LEN and PT DI; with the Ministry of Industry and the State Ministry for Science and Technology to prepare a long-term plan for developing defense industries which reduces reliance on foreign suppliers; and with the Ministry of Finance for purposes of fiscal accountability.

Kerjasama Pertahanan Antar Bangsa

Pengiriman para pelajar, peneliti dan teknisi kepada setiap negara-negara maju untuk menyerap ilmu pengetahuan dalam bidang pertahanan perlu segera dilaksanakan secara terus menerus dan berkesinambungan.


World's top 15 military spenders



Rank Country Spending ($ Bn.) % of GDP World share (%) Spending ($ Bn. PPP)
World total 1,738 2.5 100 1562.3
1 United States United States 711.0 4.7 41 711
2 China Chinay 143.0 2.0 8.2 228
3 Russia Russiay 71.9 3.9 4.1 93.7
4 United Kingdom United Kingdom 62.7 2.6 3.6 57.5
5 France France 62.5 2.3 3.6 50.1
6 Japan Japan 59.3 1.0 3.4 44.7
7 India India 48.9 2.6 2.8 117
8 Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabiaz 48.5 8.7 2.8 58.8
9 Germany Germanyy 46.7 1.3 2.7 40.4
10 Brazil Brazil 35.4 1.5 2.0 33.8
11 Italy Italyy 34.5 1.6 2.0 28.5
12 South Korea South Korea 30.8 2.7 1.8 42.1
13 Australia Australia 26.7 1.8 1.5 16.6
14 Canada Canaday 24.7 1.4 1.4 19.9
15 Turkey Turkeyy 17.9 2.3 1.0 25.2

C4SRI Planning

The effective performance of Indonesia’s political and military functions, requires the widespread utilization of Command, Control, Computer, Communication Surveillance, Reconnaissance, Information (C4SRI) systems, services and facilities, supported by appropriate personnel and agreed doctrine, organizations and procedures. C4SRI systems include communications, information, navigation and identification systems as well as sensor and warning installation systems, designed and operated in a networked and integrated form to meet the needs of the TNI. Individual C4SRI systems may be provided via common funded programs, or by joint-funded co-operative programs.

Co-ordinated C4SRI planning is an essential activity for the achievement of a nation-wide cohesive, cost-effective, interoperable and secure capability which can meet current and projected political and military requirements. It ensures that C4SRI activities conducted under all aspects of defense planning remain coherent throughout the life-cycle of systems and programs, and that end-products and services match real capability requirements.

C3I planning needs to encompass all elements needed for the achievement of capability. Capability does not just come from the provision of materiel (systems) and facilities, but also relies upon the existence of appropriate organization, training, logistics and personnel, and of relevant interoperability. In addition, the achievement of required system capability necessitates the application of a combination of the three core planning disciplines: resource, armaments and force planning. The C4SRI planning process influences and controls the activities of these planning areas to ensure a degree of coherence between them.

List Defense Contractors

A defense contractor (or security contractor) is a business organization or individual that provides products or services to a military or intelligence department of a government. Products typically include military or civilian aircraft, ships, vehicles, weaponry, and electronic systems. Services can include logistics, technical support and training, communications support, and in some cases team-based engineering in cooperation with the government.

Security contractors do not generally provide direct support of military operations. Under 1949 Geneva Conventions military contractors engaged in direct support of military operations may be legitimate targets of military attacks. Compare to a private military contractor.

2011 rank



Company (country) 2011 arms sales (US$ m.) 2010 arms sales (US$ m.) 2009 arms sales (US$ m.) 2008 arms sales (US$ m.) 2007 arms sales (US$ m.) Arms sales as share of company’s total sales (%),
1



United States Lockheed Martin 36270 35730 33430 29880 29400 78
2



United States Boeing 31830 31360 32300 29200 30480 46
3



United Kingdom BAE Systems 29150 32880 33250 32420 29860 95
4



United States General Dynamics 23760 23940 25590 22780 21520 73
5



United States Raytheon 22470 22980 21030 23080 19540 90
6



United States Northrop Grumman 21390 28150 27000 26090 24600 81
7



European Union EADS 16390 16360 17900 15930 13100 24
8



Italy Finmeccanica 14560 14410 13280 13020 9850 60
9



United States L-3 Communications 12520 13070 13010 12160 11240 83
10



United States United Technologies Corporation 11640 11410 11110 9980 8760 20
11



France Thales Group 9480 9950 10200 10760 9350 52
12



United States SAIC 7940 8230 8030 7350 6250 75
13



United States Huntington Ingalls Industries 6380 - - - - 97
14



United States Honeywell 5280 5400 5380 5310 5020 14
15



France SAFRAN 5240 4800 4740 3020 5230 32
16



United States Computer Sciences Corp. 4860 5940 6050 5710 5420 31
17



United Kingdom Rolls-Royce 4670 4330 4140 4720 4580 26
18



Russia United Aircraft Corporation 4440 3440 - - - 80
19



United States Oshkosh Corporation 4370 7080 2770 2070 1570 58
20



United States General Electric 4100 4300 4700 3650 3460 3
21



United States ITT Corp. 4020 4000 4730 5170 3850 69
22



Russia Almaz-Antey 3690 3950 3260 4340 2780 85



Industri Pertahanan di Tanah Air harus segera belajar dan mengadopsi Inovasi-inovasi Iptek yang dihasilkan oleh para perusahaan adidaya dalam bidang pertahanan dengan berbagai macam strategi misalnya alih lisensi dan transfer Iptek berkelanjutan.

Buku Putih Kementerian Pertahanan Republik Indonesia



Buku Putih Pertahanan adalah salah satu produk strategis dibidang Pertahanan, yang merupakan suatu rumusan pernyataan dan kebijakan pertahanan sebagai pedoman bagi penyelenggaraan fungsi pertahanan negara.




Perubahan politik dunia yang terjadi di era globalisasi, telah menghadirkan suatu kompetisi antar bangsa. Kondisi tersebut cenderung mengarah pada perebutan pengaruh yang cukup ketat, baik global, regional maupun nasional. Perkembangan tersebut antara lain meyebabkan terjadinya perubahan pada situasi keamanan dunia dengan munculnya isu-isu keamanan baru.

Di masa lalu, isu keamanan tradisional cukup menonjol, yakni yang berhubungan dengan geopolitik dan geostrategi, khususnya pengaruh kekuatan blok barat dan blok timur. Pada masa itu, kekhawatiran dunia terutama pada masalah pengembangan kekuatan militer dan senjata strategis serta hegemoni.

Isu keamanan pada dekade terakhir ini makin kompleks dengan meningkatnya aktivitas terorisme, perampokan dan pembajakan, penyeludupan, imigrasi gelap, penangkapan ikan secara ilegal, dan kejahatan lintas negara lainnya. Bentuk-bentuk kejahatan trsebut makin kompleks karena dikendalikan oleh aktor-aktor dengan jaringan lintas negara yang sangat rapi, serta memiliki kemampuan teknologi dan dukungan finansial.

Seiring dengan perkembangan global tersebut, di Indonesia berlangsung Gerakan Reformasi, bertujuan mewujudkan kehidupan masyarakat yang demokratis, bersih dari praktik-praktik korupsi, kolusi, dan nepotisme (KKN). Sejauh ini reformasi nasional telah memberi isyarat perubahan positif dalam kehidupan masyarakat Indonesia, melalui penataan sistem pemerintahan, baik politik, hukum, ekonomi, sosial, maupun pertahanan serta keamanan dan ketertiban masyarakat.

Semoga Bermanfaat dan Jayalah Bangsa Kami Semua

Semoga Allah SWT Melindungi Bangsa Ini.

Amin


Ucapan Terima Kasih Kepada:

Sahabat-sahabatku:


Ridwan Firdaus (Geografi Universitas Negeri Jakarta), Ade Akhyar Nurdin (Teknik Geologi Universitas Jendral Soedirman), Widia Prima M. (Teknik Sipil, Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Garut), Deni Nugraha (Ilmu Pemerintahan STISIP Banjar), Ismail Muhammad S. (Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian Universitas Jendral Soedirman), Farid Waliyuddin R. (Sekolah Tinggi Akuntansi Negara), Muhlaso Dian A. (Institute Pemerintahan Dalam Negeri), Ricky Aji Pratama (Sekolah Tinggi Sandi Negara), Nararya Rahadian Budiono (UNY & UNS), Let Da TNI Hendri Agus H. & Bekti Aji S. (Akademi Militer).

Kunjungi Juga:

http://idu.ac.id

Universitas Pertahanan Indonesia

Program Studi

Tuesday, 12 March 2013

Kuliah Terbuka Electricity and Magnetism dari MIT



"If you take this course your life will never be the same. I will make you look at the world in a way you never have looked at it before. This will broaden your horizons and enrich your life. Without electricity no planets or stars could exist. You could not exist either. You're heart could not beat and you couldn't even think without electricity. If you one of those students who hate physics, its not your fault. It was just bad luck that you had a poor teacher. Whether you like it or not, I'm going to make you love physics... ALL of you and your life will never be the same."
~Prof. Walter Lewin, Ph.D.~

Register for this course:

https://www.edx.org/courses/MITx/8.02x/2013_Spring/about

ABOUT THE LECTURES

Lewin's lectures at MIT are legendary. Many have been shown for over six years (starting in 1995) on UWTV in Seattle, reaching an audience of about four million people. For fifteen years (starting in 1983) he was on MIT Cable TV helping freshmen with their weekly homework assignments.

His programs, which were aired 24 hours per day, were also frequently watched by upper-class students. Additionally, his 35 lectures on Newtonian Mechanics, 36 lectures on Electricity and Magnetism and 23 lectures on Vibrations and Waves can also be viewed at MIT's OpenCourseWare, iTunes U, YouTube and Academic Earth.

These lectures are being watched by about 5000 people daily from all over the world, that's about two million people per year! Many teachers show them regularly in their classrooms, and Bill Gates wrote Professor Lewin that he has watched all his lectures more than once, and that he learned a lot from them.

The many responses that Professor Lewin receives daily are quite wonderful and often very moving.

Course Staff
Walter Lewin 

Professor Lewin got his PhD in Nuclear Physics at the Technical University in Delft, the Netherlands in 1965. He joined the Physics faculty at MIT in 1966 and became a pioneer in the new field of X-ray Astronomy. His 105 online lectures are world renowned and watched by about 2 million people yearly. Lewin has received five teaching awards.

He is the only MIT Professor featured in "The Best 300 Professors" of The Princeton Review. Professor Lewin co-authored with Warren Goldstein the book "For the Love of Physics" (Free Press, Simon & Schuster), which as of 2012 has been translated in 9 languages and will be translated in a total of 11 languages.

About this book Bill Gates wrote: "For the Love of Physics captures Walter Lewin's extraordinary intellect, passion for physics, and brilliance as a teacher. Hopefully this book will bring more people into the orbit of this extraordinary educator and scientist." Review by Bill Gates of book "For the Love of Physics"

John Belcher


Professor Belcher earned his Ph.D. in Physics from Caltech in 1971. Much of his research career has centered on the Voyager Mission to the outer planets, now known as the: Voyager Interstellar Mission. From 1999 to 2005, Professor Belcher led the TEAL Project at MIT. Among other things, that project developed original methods for the visualization and animation of electromagnetic fields, many of which appear in this course.


Riccardo Abbate
 

Earned his Ph.D. in Theoretical Particle Physics at MIT in 2012, with a thesis focusing on the Theory of Strong Interaction.






Isaac Chuang 



Isaac Chuang (Course Developer) is a professor of Physics and a professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT. His research focuses on quantum information and quantum computation. Professor Chuang leads the NSF IGERT on Interdisciplinary Quantum Information Science and Engineering at MIT. He is deeply involved in developing new methods for teaching and learning, as the associate director of MIT's Office of Digital Learning, and as a core developer of the edX platform.  


 Peter Dourmashkin

  

is Senior Lecturer in the Department of Physics at MIT. His research interests are in Mathematical Physics, Lie Group and Algebra Representation Theory. He has been part of the development, implementation, and teaching team for Technology Enabled Active Learning (TEAL). He has developed OCW Scholar Courses, the physics curriculum for a new university, the Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), and is currently working on online learning through MITx and edX.


Saif Rayyan




is a lecturer in the Physics Department and the Concourse Program at MIT. He received his Ph.D. in theoretical particle physics from Virginia Tech before switching his interests to teaching and to physics education research. He moved to MIT as a postdoc working with the RELATE group (Research in Learning, Assessing and Tutoring Effectively). Now, In addition to teaching introductory physics, Saif is working on the development of courses on edX, and trying to find the best practices in using online platforms to help students learn.

George Stephans




Earned his Ph.D. at University of Pennsylvania, is a Senior Research Scientist in the Laboratory for Nuclear Science and a Senior Lecturer in the Physics Department at MIT. His research work involves collisions of very high energy atomic nuclei. The goal of these studies is to understand the behavior of systems of sub-atomic constituents (quarks and gluons) at extremely high temperatures and densities. His most recent experiments use the CMS detector at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. He has decades of experience teaching physics at MIT, including many different versions of 8.02.


Sources:

https://www.edx.org/

http://ocw.mit.edu