Apa Itu Theoretical Astrophysics?

Buku yang sangat bagus dan lengkap karya Prof. Thanu Padmanabhan, seru dan sangat mengasyikan.

"Beam me up, Scotty ! There is no intelligent life out here"

~Prof. T. Padmanabhan~

Sedikit Curriculum Vitae Beliau:

Thanu Padmanabhan (born 10 March 1957, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala) (Malayalam: താണു പദ്മനാഭന്‍‍) is an Indian theoretical physicist and Cosmologist whose research spans a wide variety of topics in Gravitation, Structure formation in the universe and Quantum Gravity. He has published more than 230 papers and reviews in international journals and ten books in these areas. 

Many of his contributions, especially those related to the analysis and modelling of dark energy in the universe and the interpretation of gravity as an emergent phenomenon, have made significant impact in the field. He is currently Distinguished Professor at the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, (IUCAA) at Pune, India.

Beberapa bab yang ada dalam buku ini adalah:

1. Order-of-magnitude astrophysics
2. Dynamics
3. Special relativity, electrodynamics and optics
4. Basics of electromagnetic radiation
5. Statistical mechanics
6. Radiative processes
7. Spectra
8. Neutral fluids
9. Plasma physics
10. Gravitational dynamics
11. General theory of relativity
12. Basics of nuclear physics


Kunjungi Juga:

1. http://www.iucaa.ernet.in/~paddy/ [Prof. Thanu Padmanabhan]
2. http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/ta/ [HARVARD-SMITHSONIAN CENTER FOR ASTROPHYSICS]
3. http://www-astro-theory.fnal.gov/ [Fermilab Theoretical Astrophysics]
4. http://astro.berkeley.edu/tac/ [Theoretical Astrophysics Center at the University of California, Berkeley]
5. http://anita.edu.au/ [Australian National Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics (ANITA)]

Beberapa Misteri dalam Cosmology dan General Relativity

"Pangkat ukur pupulasan, banda ngan ukur titipan; nyawa ukur gagaduhan. 

Tetela jeung rumasa, manusa tuna kaboga"

 ~Piwuruk Urang Sunda~

Begitu terbatasnya pengetahuan dan kekuatan manusia dalam menguak tabir rahasia alam semesta raya, kita adalah makhluk yang lemah. 

Masih terdapat ribuan bahkan juta'an ketidaktahuan kita akan semesta ini.

Penulis mencoba memaparkan beberapa hal yang masih menjadi pertanyaan hingga sekarang dalam bidang Kosmologi dan Relativitas Umum Einstein.

Cosmic inflation

Is the theory of cosmic inflation correct?, and if so, what are the details of this epoch? What is the hypothetical inflaton field giving rise to inflation? If inflation happened at one point, is it self-sustaining through inflation of quantum-mechanical fluctuations, and thus ongoing in some impossibly distant place?

Horizon problem

Why is the distant universe so homogeneous, when the Big Bang theory seems to predict larger measurable anisotropies of the night sky than those observed? Cosmological inflation is generally accepted as the solution, but are other possible explanations such as a variable speed of light more appropriate?

Future of the universe

Is the universe heading towards a Big Freeze, a Big Rip, a Big Crunch or a Big Bounce? Or is it part of an infinitely recurring cyclic model?

 Gravitational wave

Can gravitational waves be detected experimentally?

Baryon asymmetry

Why is there far more matter than antimatter in the observable universe?

Cosmological constant problem

Why does the zero-point energy of the vacuum not cause a large cosmological constant? What cancels it out?

Dark matter

What is dark matter? Is it related to supersymmetry? Is the mass that makes up the dark matter halos around galaxies made up of the lightest form of supersymmetric particle (LSP)? Do the phenomena attributed to dark matter point not to some form of matter but actually to an extension of gravity?

"No guns, no killing"

~The Dark Knight~

Dark energy

What is the cause of the observed accelerated expansion (de Sitter phase) of the Universe? Why is the energy density of the dark energy component of the same magnitude as the density of matter at present when the two evolve quite differently over time; could it be simply that we are observing at exactly the right time? Is dark energy a pure cosmological constant, or are models of quintessence such as phantom energy applicable?

Dark flow

What is the cause of a large swath of galaxy clusters all moving towards one part of the universe?

Ecliptic alignment of CMB anisotropy

Some large features of the microwave sky, at distances of over 13 billion light years, appear to be aligned with both the motion and orientation of the Solar System. Is this due to systematic errors in processing, contamination of results by local effects, or an unexplained violation of the Copernican principle?

Shape of the Universe

What is the 3-manifold of comoving space, i.e., of a comoving spatial section of the Universe, informally called the "shape" of the Universe? Neither the curvature nor the topology is presently known, though the curvature is known to be "close" to zero on observable scales. The cosmic inflation hypothesis suggests that the shape of the Universe may be unmeasurable, but since 2003, Jean-Pierre Luminet et al. and other groups have suggested that the shape of the Universe may be the Poincaré dodecahedral space. Is the shape unmeasurable, the Poincaré space, or another 3-manifold?

"Semoga kami semua dijadikan manusia-manusia yang selalu dapat mengambil hikmah dan kebijaksana'an tatkala merenungi ayat-ayat Semesta-Mu"

~A.N~

Thanks to:

1. Bpk. Dr. rer. nat. Muhammad Farchani Rosyid, M.Sc.
2. Bpk. Dr. rer. nat. L.T. Handoko, M.Sc.
3. Kak Handika Satrio Ramadhan, M.Sc., Ph.D.
4. Kak Khalid Fatmawijaya, S.Si.
5. Kak Iqbal Robiyana, S.Pd.
6. Kang Anton Timur Jaelani, S.Si.

Sumber:

1. http://astrophysicsblogs.blogspot.com/2012/03/unsolved-problems-in-physics-part-i.html
2. Wikipedia
3. http://arxiv.org/

Astrofisika

 

"Terkadang Kita merasa hanya berada pada satu ruang dan waktu tanpa menyadari mungkin ada ruang dan waktu serta semesta lain yang ada selain apa yang kita rasakan saat ini" 

~Arip Nurahman~ 

Bagian Terakhir Perkuliahan Astrofisika

Frontiers and Controversies in Astrophysics

Lecture 24 - The Multiverse and Theories of Everything

verview:

Professor Bailyn begins the class with a discussion of a recent New York Times article about the discovery of a new, earth-like planet. He then discusses concepts such as epicycles, dark energy and dark matter; imaginary ideas invented to explain 96% of the universe. The Anthropic Principle is introduced and the possibility of the multiverse is addressed. Finally, biological arguments are put forth for how complexity occurs on a cosmological scale. The lecture and course conclude with a discussion on the fine differences between science and philosophy.

Problem sets/Reading assignment:

Section Activity 3: Cosmology Game [PDF]

Course Media

Transcript

html

Audio

mp3

Low Bandwidth Video

mov [100MB]

High Bandwidth Video

mov [500MB]

Resources:

Class Notes - Lecture 24 [PDF]
Final Exam Preparation Handout [PDF]

Sumber:

1. The University of Yale Open Course Ware

2. Professor Bailyn Websites

http://www.astro.yale.edu/bailyn/
http://www.astro.yale.edu/


Ucapan Terima Kasih:

1. Bapak. Prof. Dr. Ing. H. B. J. Habibie.

2. Departemen Pendidikan Nasional

3. Kementrian Riset dan Teknologi

4. Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional


Disusun Ulang Oleh:

Arip Nurahman

Department of Physics, Indonesia University of Education

&

Follower Open Course Ware at MIT-Harvard University, Cambridge.USA.

Semoga Bermanfaat dan Terima Kasih

Astrofisika

"Betapa pun Kita tidak menyukai pelajaran atau gurunya, tetaplah kita belajar dengan penuh semangat dan perjuangan, Pelajaran, pengetahuan, dan kemampuan Kita itu bukan untuk orang lain, tapi untuk kebaikan hidup Kita sendiri."

 ~Arip Nurahman~

Frontiers and Controversies in Astrophysics

Lecture 23 - Other Constraints: The Cosmic Microwave Background

Overview:

Reasons for the expansion of the universe are addressed at the start of this lecture, focusing especially on the acceleration of dark energy. Supernovae were the first evidence for the existence of dark energy. Two other proofs are presented. The first is the Cosmic Microwave Background, which is a form of electromagnetic radiation that is perfectly smooth and equal in all directions. It firmly supports the Big Bang theory. Projects attempting to measure it, such as COBE and WMAP, are discussed. Secondly, Large-Scale Clustering is introduced: by measuring the degree of clustering, astronomers hope to advance their understanding of dark energy and dark matter. Computer simulations of the evolution of the universe are shown.

Problem sets/Reading assignment:

Problem Set 9 [PDF]

Problem Set 9 Solutions [PDF] 

Course Media

Transcript

html

Audio

mp3

Low Bandwidth Video

mov [100MB]

High Bandwidth Video

mov [500MB]

Resources:

Class Notes - Lecture 23 [PDF]

Sumber:

1. The University of Yale Open Course Ware

2. Professor Bailyn Websites

http://www.astro.yale.edu/bailyn/
http://www.astro.yale.edu/






 
Ucapan Terima Kasih:

1. Bapak. Prof. Dr. Ing. H. B. J. Habibie.

2. Departemen Pendidikan Nasional

3. Kementrian Riset dan Teknologi

4. Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional


Disusun Ulang Oleh:

Arip Nurahman

Department of Physics, Indonesia University of Education

&

Follower Open Course Ware at MIT-Harvard University, Cambridge.USA.

Semoga Bermanfaat dan Terima Kasih

Astrofisika

"Energi yang kita miliki adalah karunia-Nya maka sudah seharusnya dipergunakan untuk mendekatkan diri kepada-Nya" 

~Arip~ 

Frontiers and Controversies in Astrophysics

 

Lecture 21 - Dark Energy and the Accelerating Universe and the Big Rip

Overview:

 

Class begins with a review of the mysterious nature of dark matter, which accounts for three quarters of the universe. Different models of the universe are graphed. The nature, frequency, and duration of supernovae are then addressed. Professor Bailyn presents data from the Supernova Cosmology Project and pictures of supernovae taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. The discovery of dark energy is revisited and the density of dark energy is calculated. The Big Rip is presented as an alternative hypothesis for the fate of the universe.

Problem sets/Reading assignment:

None assigned

Course Media

Transcript

html

Audio

mp3

Low Bandwidth Video

mov [100MB]

High Bandwidth Video

mov [500MB]

Resources:

Class Notes - Lecture 21 [PDF]

Sumber:

1. The University of Yale Open Course Ware

2.  Professor Bailyn Websites

http://www.astro.yale.edu/bailyn/
http://www.astro.yale.edu/






Ucapan Terima Kasih:

1. Bapak. Prof. Dr. Ing. H. B. J. Habibie.

2. Departemen Pendidikan Nasional

3. Kementrian Riset dan Teknologi

4. Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional


Disusun Ulang Oleh:

Arip Nurahman

Department of Physics, Indonesia University of Education

&

Follower Open Course Ware at MIT-Harvard University, Cambridge.USA.

Semoga Bermanfaat dan Terima Kasih

Astrofisika

"Kegelapan dalam hati kita akan bisa menuju terang bila kita senantiasa menuju cahaya-Nya"

 ~Arip~ 

Frontiers and Controversies in Astrophysics 

 

 

Lecture 20 - Dark Matter

 

 

 

Overview:

 

This lecture introduces an important concept related to the past and future of the universe: the Scale factor, which is a function of time. With reference to a graph whose coordinates are the Scale factor and time, the problem of dark matter is addressed again. Cosmological redshifts are measured to determine the scale of the universe. The discovery of the repulsive, anti-gravitational force of dark energy is explained. The lecture concludes with discussion of Einstein's biggest mistake: the invention of the cosmological constant to balance gravity.

Problem sets/Reading assignment:

 

Problem Set 7 [PDF]
Problem Set 7 Solutions [PDF]

Course Media

Transcript

html

Audio

mp3

Low Bandwidth Video

mov [100MB]

High Bandwidth Video

mov [500MB]

 

 

Resources:

Class Notes - Lecture 20 [PDF]


Sumber:

1. The University of Yale Open Course Ware

2. Professor Bailyn Websites

http://www.astro.yale.edu/bailyn/
http://www.astro.yale.edu/


Ucapan Terima Kasih:

1. Bapak. Prof. Dr. Ing. H. B. J. Habibie.

2. Departemen Pendidikan Nasional

3. Kementrian Riset dan Teknologi

4. Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional


Disusun Ulang Oleh:

Arip Nurahman

Department of Physics, Indonesia University of Education

&

Follower Open Course Ware at MIT-Harvard University, Cambridge.USA.

Semoga Bermanfaat dan Terima Kasih

Astrofisika

"Tidak peduli bagaimana Alam Semesta ini berakhir, namun kemanakah kita akan pergi setelah tiada di alam ini?"

 ~Arip~

Frontiers and Controversies in Astrophysics 

 

 

Lecture 19 - Omega and the End of the Universe

 

 

 

Overview:

 

Class begins with a review of the issues previously addressed about the origin and fate of the universe. The role of gravity in the expansion of the universe is discussed and given as the reason why the rate of expansion cannot remain constant and will eventually slow down. The actual density of the universe is calculated using various methods. Finally, the unsolved problem of dark matter is addressed and two explanatory hypotheses are proposed. One is that the universe is comprised of WIMPs (Weakly Interactive Massive Particles) that fulfill two requirements: they have mass and do not interact with light. The second hypothesis is that dark matter is made of MACHOs (Massive Astrophysical Compact Halo Objects), which scientists have attempted to identify through gravitational lenses.

Problem sets/Reading assignment:

 

None assigned

Course Media

Transcript

html

Audio

mp3

Low Bandwidth Video

mov [100MB]

High Bandwidth Video

mov [500MB]

Resources:

Class Notes - Lecture 19 [PDF]


Sumber:

1. The University of Yale Open Course Ware

2. Professor Bailyn Websites

http://www.astro.yale.edu/bailyn/
http://www.astro.yale.edu/


Ucapan Terima Kasih:

1. Bapak. Prof. Dr. Ing. H. B. J. Habibie.

2. Departemen Pendidikan Nasional

3. Kementrian Riset dan Teknologi

4. Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional


Disusun Ulang Oleh:

Arip Nurahman

Department of Physics, Indonesia University of Education

&

Follower Open Course Ware at MIT-Harvard University, Cambridge.USA.

Semoga Bermanfaat dan Terima Kasih

Astrofisika

"Kita hidup dalam alam semesta yang terus berubah setiap waktunya, semoga Keyakinan terhadap Yang Maha Pencipta tetap terhujam dalam dada"

 ~Arip~

Frontiers and Controversies in Astrophysics 

 

 

Lecture 18 - Hubble's Law and the Big Bang (cont.)

 

 

 

Overview:

 

Professor Bailyn returns to the subject of the expansion of the universe to offer explanations that do not require belief in the Big Bang theory. One alternative is a theory that, in the past, the entire universe was reduced to an "initial singularity," in which everything was much closer, and therefore denser and hotter. Since the universe is in constant flux, however, it follows that in the future things will drift apart. The Steady State explanation for the expansion of the universe is then explained. Coined as a derogatory term meant to ridicule supporters of the Big Bang theory, Steady State purports that new energy and matter are constantly created as the universe expands, to fill in the void that results from the expansion. The discovery of quasars refuted the Steady State theory. The lecture ends with a discussion of how observing very distant objects allows us to look back in time, and also gives us a glimpse into the future of galaxies and the universe.

Problem sets/Reading assignment:

 

Problem Set 6 [PDF]
Problem Set 6 Solutions [PDF]


 

Course Media Transcript html Audio mp3 Low Bandwidth Video mov [100MB] High Bandwidth Video mov [500MB]

Resources:

Class Notes - Lecture 18 [PDF]


Sumber:

1. The University of Yale Open Course Ware

2. Professor Bailyn Websites

http://www.astro.yale.edu/bailyn/
http://www.astro.yale.edu/

Ucapan Terima Kasih:

1. Bapak. Prof. Dr. Ing. H. B. J. Habibie.

2. Departemen Pendidikan Nasional

3. Kementrian Riset dan Teknologi

4. Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional


Disusun Ulang Oleh:

Arip Nurahman

Department of Physics, Indonesia University of Education

&

Follower Open Course Ware at MIT-Harvard University, Cambridge.USA.

Semoga Bermanfaat dan Terima Kasih

Astrofisika

"Apakah ada kehidupan lain selain di bumi kita yang biru ini? Ataukah Kita hanya sendirian di Luasnya Alam Raya Ini?"

 ~Arip~

Frontiers and Controversies in Astrophysics 

 

 

Lecture 17 - Hubble's Law and the Big Bang (cont.)

Overview:

 

 

Class begins with a review of magnitudes and the problem set involving magnitude equations. Implications of the Hubble Law and Hubble Diagram are discussed. Professor Bailyn elaborates on the Big Bang theory of cosmology and addresses controversial questions related to the age, development, and boundaries of the universe. The fate of the universe, and possibly its end (known as the Big Crunch) are addressed. Imagining an expanding three-dimensional universe is proposed. The lecture ends with a question-and-answer session during which students inquire about a variety of topics related to cosmology, such as the center of the universe, its current expansion, and hypothetical collapse.

Problem sets/Reading assignment:

None assigned

Course Media

Transcript

html

Audio

mp3

Low Bandwidth Video

mov [100MB]

High Bandwidth Video

mov [500MB]

Resources:

Class Notes - Lecture 17 [PDF]

Sumber:

1. The University of Yale Open Course Ware

2. Professor Bailyn Websites

http://www.astro.yale.edu/bailyn/
http://www.astro.yale.edu/


Ucapan Terima Kasih:

1. Bapak. Prof. Dr. Ing. H. B. J. Habibie.

2. Departemen Pendidikan Nasional

3. Kementrian Riset dan Teknologi

4. Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional


Disusun Ulang Oleh:

Arip Nurahman

Department of Physics, Indonesia University of Education

&

Follower Open Course Ware at MIT-Harvard University, Cambridge.USA.

Semoga Bermanfaat dan Terima Kasih

Astrofisika

"Mencoba memahami alam raya, mempelajari ayat-ayat semesta untuk mencari Kebesaran Yang Maha Pencipta "

~Arip~ 

Frontiers and Controversies in Astrophysics

Lecture 16 - Hubble's Law and the Big Bang

Overview:

The third and final part of the course begins, consisting of a series of lectures on cosmology. A brief history of how cosmology developed into a scientific subject is offered. The discovery of dark energy, along with dark matter, played a crucial role in the development of cosmology. The lecture then discusses the discovery of spiral nebulae in 1920, as well as the "Great Debate" over what they were. Hubble's famous redshift diagram is presented as the basis for Hubble's Constant and Big Bang cosmology. The difficulty of measuring distance of objects in space, and how to do it using the parallax method and the standard candle method, are discussed. Measure brightness using the magnitude scale is explained. Class ends with a review of logarithms.

Problem sets/Reading assignment:

None assigned

Course Media

Transcript

html

Audio

mp3

Low Bandwidth Video

mov [100MB]

High Bandwidth Video

mov [500MB]

Resources:

Class Notes - Lecture 16 [PDF]

Sumber:

1. The University of Yale Open Course Ware

2.  Professor Bailyn Websites

http://www.astro.yale.edu/bailyn/
http://www.astro.yale.edu/


Ucapan Terima Kasih:

1. Bapak. Prof. Dr. Ing. H. B. J. Habibie.

2. Departemen Pendidikan Nasional

3. Kementrian Riset dan Teknologi

4. Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional


Disusun Ulang Oleh:

Arip Nurahman

Department of Physics, Indonesia University of Education

&

Follower Open Course Ware at MIT-Harvard University, Cambridge.USA.

Semoga Bermanfaat dan Terima Kasih

Astrofisika

FRONTIERS AND CONTROVERSIES IN ASTROPHYSICS

Exam 2 - Midterm Exam 2

Overview Midterm Exam 2 covers Lectures 8 through 15, focusing on relativity and black holes.

The exam does not contain questions on planets.

Resources

 

 

Midterm Exam 2 Solutions [PDF]

Astrofisika

" Semangat Belajar Kita Akan Membentuk Lekukan Ruang dan Waktu Terhadap Masa Depan Hidup Kita"

~Arip~

Frontiers and Controversies in Astrophysics 

 

 

 Lecture 15 - Supermassive Black Holes

 

 

 

 

Overview:

 

The lecture begins with a question-and-answer session about black holes. Topics include the extent to which we are sure black holes exist in the center of all galaxies, how massive they are, and how we can observe them. The lecture then turns to strong-field relativity: relativistic effects that are unrelated to Newtonian theory. The possibility of testing predictions of the existence of black holes is discussed in the context of strong-field relativity. One way we might learn about black holes is through observation of the orbit of the companion star in an X-ray binary star system. Through this we can estimate the mass of the compact object. The lecture ends with an explanation of how astronomers find black holes, and how Professor Bailyn was able to discover one himself.

Problem sets/Reading assignment:

None assigned

Resources:

Class Notes - Lecture 15 [PDF]
Midterm Exam 2 Preparation Handout [PDF]

Course Media

Transcript

html

Audio

mp3

Low Bandwidth Video

mov [100MB]

High Bandwidth Video

mov [500MB]

Sumber:

1. The University of Yale Open Course Ware

2. Professor Bailyn Websites

http://www.astro.yale.edu/bailyn/
http://www.astro.yale.edu/


Ucapan Terima Kasih:

1. Bapak. Prof. Dr. Ing. H. B. J. Habibie.

2. Departemen Pendidikan Nasional

3. Kementrian Riset dan Teknologi

4. Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional


Disusun Ulang Oleh:

Arip Nurahman

Department of Physics, Indonesia University of Education

&

Follower Open Course Ware at MIT-Harvard University, Cambridge.USA.

Semoga Bermanfaat dan Terima Kasih

Astrofisika

"Kita harus meningkatkan kuantitas dan kualitas kebaikan. Kuantitas bisa dilihat dari frekuensi dan besarnya apa yang Kita berikan kepada orang lain. Sementara kualitas manfaat ditingkatkan dengan cara meningkatkan kualitas diri, yaitu dengan meningkatkan keterampilan dan kemampuan, sehingga apa yang Kita berikan semakin bermanfaat." 

~Arip~ 

Frontiers and Controversies in Astrophysics

 

Lecture 14 - Pulsars 

 

 

 

Overview:

 

Professor Bailyn begins with a summary of the four post-Newtonian effects of general relativity that were introduced and explained last time: precession of the perihelion, the deflection of light, the gravitational redshift, and gravitational waves. The concept of gravitational lensing is discussed as predicted by Einstein's general relativity theory. The formation of a gravitational lens can be observed when light from a bright distant source bends around a massive object between the source (such as a quasar) and the observer. Professor Bailyn then offers a slideshow of gravitational lenses. The issue of finding suitable astronomical objects that lend the opportunity to observe post-Newtonian relativistic effects is addressed. The lecture ends with Jocelyn Bell and the discovery of pulsars.

Problem sets/Reading assignment:

 

Problem Set 5 [PDF]
Problem Set 5 Solutions [PDF] "The Discovery of the Binary Pulsar"
Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1993
by Russell A. Hulse
Princeton University, Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1993/hulse-lecture.html

Course Media Transcript html Audio mp3 Low Bandwidth Video mov [100MB] High Bandwidth Video mov [500MB]

Resources:

Class Notes - Lecture 14 [PDF]

Sumber:

1. The University of Yale Open Course Ware

2. Professor Bailyn Websites

http://www.astro.yale.edu/bailyn/
http://www.astro.yale.edu/

Ucapan Terima Kasih:

1. Bapak. Prof. Dr. Ing. H. B. J. Habibie.

2. Departemen Pendidikan Nasional

3. Kementrian Riset dan Teknologi

4. Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional


Disusun Ulang Oleh:

Arip Nurahman

Department of Physics, Indonesia University of Education

&

Follower Open Course Ware at MIT-Harvard University, Cambridge.USA.

Semoga Bermanfaat dan Terima Kasih