Monday, 25 August 2008

Komando Laboratorium Cyber Angkatan Udara Indonesia

Di Gagas di Kota Banjar dan Desa Bangunharja

Komando Laboratorium Cyber Angkatan Udara dan Antariksa Indinesia
Labs, centers and programs

Aeronautical Systems Laboratory
Aeronautics and Astronautics, Dept. of
Aerospace Computational Design Lab (ACDL)
Aerospace Controls Lab
Center for Nanofluids Technology
Center for Transportation & Logistics (CTL)
Communications and Networking Research Group
Complex Systems Research Lab
Computation for Design and Optimization
Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL)
Draper Laboratory
Dynamic Load Sensors and Space Flight Experiment
Embedded Systems Laboratory
Flight Transportation Laboratory
Gas Turbine Laboratory

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Tuesday, 19 August 2008

Indonesia Space Scientist Society




By:
Arip Nurahman
Department of Physics
Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Indonesia University of Education

and

Follower Open Course Ware at Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, USA
Department of Physics
http://web.mit.edu/physics/
http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Physics/index.htm
&
Aeronautics and Astronautics Engineering
http://web.mit.edu/aeroastro/www/
http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Aeronautics-and-Astronautics/index.htm













 

Scientist

A scientist, in the broadest sense, refers to any person that engages in a systematic activity to acquire knowledge or an individual that engages in such practices and traditions that are linked to schools of thought or philosophy. In a more restricted sense, scientist refers to individuals who use the scientific method.

The person may be an expert in one or more areas of science.

This article focuses on the more restricted use of the word.

Visi Indonesia Space Scientist Society

Melahirkan Banyak Ilmuwan Antariksa di Indonesia

Misi Indonesia Space Scientist Society

Pendidikan, Penelitian dan Pengembangan IPTEK Antariksa

 Program Indonesia Space Scientist Society

Meyebarkan Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi Antariksa di Indonesia


Contents

Etymology


Historically, scientists were termed "natural philosophers" or "men of science"; they were men of knowledge. Science and philosophy were roughly synonymous. William Whewell coined the term scientist in 1833 to describe an expert in the study of nature, but this term did not gain wide acceptance until the turn of the 20th century. By the twentieth century, the modern notion of science as a special brand of information about the world, practiced by a distinct group and pursued through a unique method, was essentially in place.

Description

Science and technology have continually modified human existence. As a profession, the scientist of today is widely recognized. Scientists include theoreticians who mainly develop new models to explain existing data and predict new results, and experimentalists who mainly test models by making measurements though in practice the division between these activities is not clear-cut, and many scientists perform both tasks.

Mathematics is often grouped with the sciences. Like other scientists, mathematicians start with hunches (hypotheses) and then conduct symbolic or computational experiments to test them. Some of the greatest physicists have also been creative mathematicians. There is a continuum from the most theoretical to the most empirical scientists with no distinct boundaries. In terms of personality, interests, training and professional activity, there is little difference between applied mathematicians and theoretical physicists.

Scientists can be motivated in several ways. Many have a desire to understand why the world is as we see it and how it came to be. They exhibit a strong curiosity about reality. Other motivations are recognition by their peers and prestige, or the desire to apply scientific knowledge for the benefit of peoples health, the nations, the world, nature or industries. Only few scientists count generating personal wealth as an important driving force behind their science.

It has been suggested that scientists should honour a Hippocratic Oath for Scientists.

Scientists versus Engineers


Engineers and scientists are often confused in the minds of the general public, with the former being closer to applied science. While scientists explore nature in order to discover general principles, engineers apply established principles drawn from mathematics and science in order to develop economical solutions to technical problems.

In short, scientists study things whereas engineers design things. However, there are plenty of instances where significant accomplishments are made in both fields by the same individual. Scientists often perform engineering tasks in designing experimental equipment and building prototypes, and some engineers do first-rate scientific research. Mechanical, electrical, chemical and aerospace engineers are often at the forefront of scientific investigation of new phenomena and materials.

Peter Debye received a degree in electrical engineering and a doctorate in physics before eventually winning a Nobel Prize in chemistry. Similarly, Paul Dirac, one of the founders of quantum mechanics, began his academic career as an electrical engineer before proceeding to mathematics and later theoretical physics. Claude Shannon, a theoretical engineer, founded modern information theory.

Historical Scientists

See also: Timeline of the history of scientific method


Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) has been described as the "first scientist" for his development of the scientific method.

The physicist Albert Einstein is one of the most well known scientists of the 20th century.

The physicist Albert Einstein is one of the most well known scientists of the 20th century.
Louis Pasteur's portrait in his later years.

Louis Pasteur's portrait in his later years.

An early scientific method which emphasized experimentation was first used by the Iraqi Muslim Arab physicist and polymath Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), circa 1021 AD, in his Book of Optics, and he has been described as the "first scientist" for this reason.

There are notable examples of people who have moved back and forth among disciplines. Such polymaths were common during the Islamic Golden Age and European Renaissance. Many of these early polymath scientists were also religious priests and theologians: for example, the polymath scientists Alhazen and al-Biruni were mutakallimiin; the polymath physician Avicenna was a hafiz; the polymath physician Ibn al-Nafis was a hafiz, muhaddith and ulema; the astronomer and physician Nicolaus Copernicus was a priest; and Gregor Mendel, whose discoveries on inheritance founded modern genetics and provides a mechanism to explain Charles Darwin's observations about evolution, was also a priest.

Descartes was not only a pioneer of analytic geometry but formulated a theory of mechanics and advanced ideas about the origins of animal movement and perception. Vision interested the physicists Young and Helmholtz, who also studied optics, hearing and music. Newton extended Descartes' mathematics by inventing calculus (contemporaneously with Leibniz).

He provided a comprehensive formulation of classical mechanics and investigated light and optics. Fourier founded a new branch of mathematics  infinite, periodic series  studied heat flow and infrared radiation, and discovered the greenhouse effect. Von Neumann, Turing, Khinchin, Markov and Wiener, all mathematicians, made major contributions to science and probability theory, including the ideas behind computers, and some of the foundations of statistical mechanics and quantum mechanics. Many mathematically inclined scientists, including Galileo, were also musicians.

In the late 19th century, Louis Pasteur, an organic chemist, discovered that microorganisms can cause disease. A few years earlier, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., the American physician, poet and essayist, noted that sepsis in women following childbirth was spread by the hands of doctors and nurses, four years before Semmelweis in Europe. There are many compelling stories in medicine and biology, such as the development of ideas about the circulation of blood from Galen to Harvey. The flowering of genetics and molecular biology in the 20th century is replete with famous names. Ramón y Cajal won the Nobel Prize in 1906 for his remarkable observations in neuroanatomy.

Some see a dichotomy between experimental sciences and purely "observational" sciences such as astronomy, meteorology, oceanography and seismology. But astronomers have done basic research in optics, developed charge-coupled devices, and in recent decades have sent space probes to study other planets in addition to using the Hubble Telescope to probe the origins of the Universe some 14 billion years ago. Microwave spectroscopy has now identified dozens of organic molecules in interstellar space, requiring laboratory experimentation and computer simulation to confirm the observational data and starting a new branch of chemistry. Computer modeling and numerical methods are techniques required of students in every field of quantitative science.

Those considering science as a career often look to the frontiers. These include cosmology and biology, especially molecular biology and the human genome project. Other areas of active research include the exploration of matter at the scale of elementary particles as described by high-energy physics, and nanotechnology, which hopes to develop electronics including microscopic computers, and perhaps artificial intelligence. Although there have been remarkable discoveries with regard to brain function and neurotransmitters, the nature of the mind and human thought still remain.

Types of scientists

Archeologists
Astronomers
astrophysicists
Biologists
astrobiologists, botanists, entomologists, evolutionary biologists, ecologists, geneticists, herpetologists, ichthyologists, immunologists, lepidopterists, microbiologists, neuroscientists, ornithologists, paleontologists, pathologists, pharmacologists, physiologists, and zoologists
Chemists
biochemists
Computer scientists
Earth scientists
geologists, mineralogists, seismologists, volcanologists, hydrologists, glaciologists, limnologists, meteorologists, and oceanographers
Management scientists
Mathematicians
Medical scientists
Military scientists
Physicists
Philosophers
Psychologists
Social scientists
anthropologists, demographers, economists, geographers, political economists, political scientists, and sociologists
Technological and agricultural scientists

See also


Related lists


References

  1. ^ Isaac Newton (1687, 1713, 1726). "[4] Rules for the study of natural philosophy", Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, Third edition. The General Scholium containing the 4 rules follows Book 3, The System of the World. Reprinted on pages 794-796 of I. Bernard Cohen and Anne Whitman's 1999 translation, University of California Press ISBN 0-520-08817-4, 974 pages.
  2. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. 1989
  3. ^ Nineteenth-Century Attitudes: Men of Science. http://www.rpi.edu/~rosss2/book.html
  4. ^ Friedrich Ueberweg, History of Philosophy: From Thales to the Present Time. C. Scribner's sons v.1, 1887
  5. ^ Steve Fuller, Kuhn VS. Popper: The Struggle For The Soul Of Science. Columbia University Press 2004. Page 43. ISBN 0231134282
  6. ^ Science by American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1917. v.45 1917 Jan-Jun. Page 274.
  7. ^ "William Whewell (1794-1866) gentleman of science". Retrieved on 2007-05-19.
  8. ^ Tamara Preaud, Derek E. Ostergard, The Sèvres Porcelain Manufactory. Yale University Press 1997. 416 pages. ISBN 0300073380 Page 36.
  9. ^ National Society of Professional Engineers (2006). "Frequently Asked Questions About Engineering". Retrieved on 2006-09-21. Science is knowledge based on observed facts and tested truths arranged in an orderly system that can be validated and communicated to other people. Engineering is the creative application of scientific principles used to plan, build, direct, guide, manage, or work on systems to maintain and improve our daily lives.
  10. ^ Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor (2006). "Engineers". Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2006-07 Edition. Retrieved on 2006-09-21.
  11. ^ Bradley Steffens (2006). Ibn al-Haytham: First Scientist, Morgan Reynolds Publishing, ISBN 1599350246.

External articles

Further reading
Websites

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Monday, 18 August 2008

Sekolah Ilmu Teknologi Antariksa & Kedirgantaraan Indonesia

Sekolah Sains dan Teknologi Antariksa & Kedirgantaraan Indonesia
SST-AKI

Indonesian Space Sciences Technology School









Vision

"Experiments In The Cosmos, Because Our Laboratory is Universe"

Mission

1. Menjadi Sekolah Teknologi Cyber Keantariksaan dan Kedirgantaraan Terdepan di Indonesia
2. Melahirkan Generasi Impian yang Selalu Bertafakur, Bertadabur dan Bertasayakur terhadap Keseimbangan Semesta yang Telah Tercipta


My Open Course Ware at Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge M.A., USA

Professors, students, and researchers come to MIT from all corners of the globe to explore their passion for air and space travel and to advance the technologies and vehicles that make such travel possible.
We build on our long tradition of scholarship and research to develop and implement reliable, safe, economically feasible, and environmentally responsible air and space travel.
Our industry contributions and collaborations are extensive. We have graduated more astronauts than any other private institution in the world. Nearly one-third of our current research collaborations are with MIT faculty in other departments, and approximately one-half are with non-MIT colleagues in professional practice, government agencies, and other universities. We work closely with scientists and scholars at NASA, Boeing, the U.S. Air Force, Stanford University, Lockheed Martin, and the U.S. Department of Transportation.
Our educational programs are organized around three overlapping areas:
Aerospace information engineering
Focuses on real-time, safety-critical systems with humans-in-the-loop. Core disciplines include autonomy, software, communications, networks, controls, and human-machine and human-software interaction.
Aerospace systems engineering
Explores the central processes in the creation, implementation, and operation of complex socio-technical engineering systems. Core disciplines include system architecture and engineering, simulation and modeling, safety and risk management, policy, economics, and organizational behavior.
Aerospace vehicles engineering
Addresses the engineering of air and space vehicles, their propulsion systems, and their subsystems. Core disciplines include fluid and solid mechanics, thermodynamics, acoustics, combustion, controls, computation, design, and simulation.

Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics links

Visit the MIT Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics home page at:
http://web.mit.edu/aeroastro/www/
Review the MIT Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics curriculum at:
http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/web/resources/curriculum/index.htm#16
Learn more about MIT Engineering:
http://engineering.mit.edu/

Some of the elements of aerospace engineering are:
  • Fluid mechanics - the study of fluid flow around objects. Specifically aerodynamics concerning the flow of air over bodies such as wings or through objects such as wind tunnels (see also lift and aeronautics).
  • Astrodynamics - the study of orbital mechanics including prediction of orbital elements when given a select few variables. While few schools in the United States teach this at the undergraduate level, several have graduate programs covering this topic (usually in conjunction with the Physics department of said college or university).
  • Statics and Dynamics (engineering mechanics) - the study of movement, forces, moments in mechanical systems.
  • Mathematics - because aerospace engineering heavily involves mathematics.
  • Electrotechnology - the study of electronics within engineering.
  • Propulsion - the energy to move a vehicle through the air (or in outer space) is provided by internal combustion engines, jet engines and turbomachinery, or rockets (see also propeller and spacecraft propulsion). A more recent addition to this module is electric propulsion and ion propulsion.
  • Control engineering - the study of mathematical modeling of the dynamic behavior of systems and designing them, usually using feedback signals, so that their dynamic behavior is desirable (stable, without large excursions, with minimum error). This applies to the dynamic behavior of aircraft, spacecraft, propulsion systems, and subsystems that exist on aerospace vehicles.
  • Aircraft structures - design of the physical configuration of the craft to withstand the forces encountered during flight. Aerospace engineering aims to keep structures lightweight.
  • Materials science - related to structures, aerospace engineering also studies the materials of which the aerospace structures are to be built. New materials with very specific properties are invented, or existing ones are modified to improve their performance.
  • Solid mechanics - Closely related to material science is solid mechanics which deals with stress and strain analysis of the components of the vehicle. Nowadays there are several Finite Element programs such as MSC Patran/Nastran which aid engineers in the analytical process.
  • Aeroelasticity - the interaction of aerodynamic forces and structural flexibility, potentially causing flutter, divergence, etc.
  • Avionics - the design and programming of computer systems on board an aircraft or spacecraft and the simulation of systems.
  • Risk and reliability - the study of risk and reliability assessment techniques and the mathematics involved in the quantitative methods.
  • Noise control - the study of the mechanics of sound transfer.
  • Flight test - designing and executing flight test programs in order to gather and analyze performance and handling qualities data in order to determine if an aircraft meets its design and performance goals and certification requirements.
The basis of most of these elements lies in theoretical mathematics, such as fluid dynamics for aerodynamics or the equations of motion for flight dynamics. However, there is also a large empirical component. Historically, this empirical component was derived from testing of scale models and prototypes, either in wind tunnels or in the free atmosphere. More recently, advances in computing have enabled the use of computational fluid dynamics to simulate the behavior of fluid, reducing time and expense spent on wind-tunnel testing.
Additionally, aerospace engineering addresses the integration of all components that constitute an aerospace vehicle (subsystems including power, aerospace bearings, communications, thermal control, life support, etc.) and its life cycle (design, temperature, pressure, radiation, velocity, life time).

Aerospace engineering degrees

See also: List of aerospace engineering schools
Aerospace (or aeronautical) engineering can be studied at the advanced diploma, bachelor's, master's, and Ph.D. levels in aerospace engineering departments at many universities, and in mechanical engineering departments at others. A few departments offer degrees in space-focused astronautical engineering. The programs of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Rutgers University are two such examples. U.S. News & World Report ranks the aerospace engineering programs at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology, and the University of Michigan within the top three best programs for doctorate granting universities. However, other top programs within the ten best in the United States include those of Stanford University, Texas A&M University, the University of Texas at Austin, Purdue University and the University of Illinois.[11] The magazine also rates Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, and United States Air Force Academy as the premier aerospace engineering programs at universities that do not grant doctorate degrees.
In the UK, Aerospace (or aeronautical) engineering can be studied for the B.Eng., M.Eng.,MSc. and Ph.D. levels at a number of universities. The top universities include University of Cambridge, Imperial College London, University of Sheffield, University of Glasgow, Cranfield University, University of Bristol, University of Bath, University of Manchester and the University of Southampton . Particularly the Department of Aeronautics at Imperial College London is famous for providing engineers for the Formula One industry, an industry that uses aerospace technology.

See also



Graduate Courses

Course Title Term
1. Compressible Flow Spring 2003
2. Aerodynamics of Viscous Fluids Fall 2003
3. Computational Mechanics of Materials Fall 2003
4. Plates and Shells Spring 2007
5. Feedback Control Systems Fall 2007
6. Stochastic Estimation and Control Fall 2004
7. Principles of Optimal Control Spring 2008
8. Aircraft Stability and Control Fall 2004
9. Dynamics of Nonlinear Systems Fall 2003
10. Astrodynamics Fall 2008
11. Software Engineering Concepts Fall 2005
12. System Safety Spring 2005
13. Data Communication Networks Fall 2002
14. Infinite Random Matrix Theory Fall 2004
15. Random Matrix Theory and Its Applications Spring 2004
16. Principles of Autonomy and Decision Making Fall 2005
17. Cognitive Robotics Spring 2005
18. Principles of Autonomy and Decision Making Fall 2005
19. Human Supervisory Control of Automated Systems Spring 2004
20. Aerospace Biomedical and Life Support Engineering Spring 2006
21. Biomedical Signal and Image Processing Spring 2007
22. Rocket Propulsion Fall 2005
23. Space Propulsion Spring 2004
24. Internal Flows in Turbomachines Spring 2006
25. Introduction to Lean Six Sigma Methods January (IAP) 2008
26. Air Traffic Control Fall 2006
27. Airline Management Spring 2006
28. Logistical and Transportation Planning Methods Fall 2004
29. Logistical and Transportation Planning Methods Fall 2006
30. Airline Schedule Planning Spring 2003
31. Satellite Engineering Fall 2003
32. Integrating the Lean Enterprise Fall 2005
33. Introduction to Lean Six Sigma Methods January (IAP) 2008
34. Engineering Systems Analysis for Design Fall 2008
35. Engineering Risk-Benefit Analysis Spring 2007
36. System Safety Spring 2005
37. Robust System Design Summer 1998
38. Aircraft Systems Engineering Fall 2004
40. Aircraft Systems Engineering Fall 2005
41. Air Transportation Systems Architecting Spring 2004
42. Multidisciplinary System Design Optimization Spring 2004
43. Space Policy Seminar Spring 2003
44. Space System Architecture and Design Fall 2004
45. Engineering Apollo: The Moon Project as a Complex System Spring 2007
46. Space Systems Engineering Spring 2007
47. Introduction to Numerical Simulation (SMA 5211) Fall 2003
48. Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations (SMA 5212) Spring 2003
49. Computational Geometry Spring 2003
50. Proseminar in Manufacturing Fall 2005

  • Collaborative Writing and Project with International Students Over the World
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Educational Resources from ITB
Bahan-bahan kuliah di bawah ini sebagian besar didanai dari proyek hibah PHK-A2. Silakan diakses.

Silakan dimanfaatkan beberapa taut berikut yang juga disusun oleh staf:
Computational Astronomy

Arsip kuliah

  1. Sistem bilangan dan galat (bagian 1, bagian 2, bagian 3, bagian 4)
  2. Akar persamaan tak linear (download)
  3. Sistem persamaan linear (download)
  4. Interpolasi (bagian 1, bagian 2, bagian 3)
  5. Regresi dan pencocokan kurva (bagian 1, bagian 2)
  6. Integrasi numerik (download)
  7. Solusi numerik persamaan diferensial (download)
Arsip kuliah tambahan (© 1999, Stuart Dalziel, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physiscs, University of Cambridge)

Arsip ujian

  1. UTS
  2. UAS
Copyright © 2008 Institut Teknologi Bandung


Banjar Astro Physics Association (Kembali Ke Rumah Home)


Administrator:
Arip Nurahman & Anton Timur Jaelani


Semoga Bermanfaat

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