Mengenal Prof. Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar

Chandrasekhar Fisikawan Ahli Bahasa 

Subramanyan Chandrasekhar, peraih nobel Fisika tahun 1983 dilahirkan di Lahore, India pada 19 Oktober 1910. Ayahnya, Chandrasekhara Subrahmanyan Ayyar adalah pegawai di departemen keuangan India. Sementara Ibunya, Sita (neé Balakrishnan) seorang ibu rumah tangga biasa namun berintelektual tinggi (ia mampu menerjemahan karya Henrik Ibsen, “A Doll House” ke bahasa Tamil). 

Kedua orangtuanya, menurut Chandrasekhar sangat menaruh perhatian pada pendidikan anak-anaknya. Orangtuanyalah yang langsung memberikan pendidikan dasar khusus baginya di rumah hingga ia berusia 12 tahun. 

Mereka mengharapkan Chandrasekhar terkenal seperti pamannya, Chandrasekhara V. Raman, orang India pertama yang meraih hadiah Nobel fisika. Pada tahun 1918, ayahnya dipindah tugaskan ke Madras dan di sanalah keluarganya kemudian hidup menetap.

Di Madras, ia bersekolah di sekolah lanjutan Hindu dari 1922 hingga 1925. Pendidikan tingginya (1925-30) ia peroleh pertama kali di Presidency College. Kemudian ketika hendak melanjutkan studinya ke Universitas Cambridge, ibunya jatuh sakit.

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
Born	(1910-10-19)October 19, 1910 Lahore, British India
Died	August 21, 1995(1995-08-21) (aged 84) Chicago, Illinois, United States
Residence	United States
Citizenship	India (1910–1953) United States (1953–1995)
Fields	Astrophysics
Institutions	University of Chicago University of Cambridge
Alma mater	Presidency College, Madras Trinity College, Cambridge
Doctoral advisor	R.H. Fowler, Arthur Stanley Eddington
Doctoral students	Donald Edward Osterbrock, Roland Winston, F. Paul Esposito, Jeremiah P. Ostriker
Known for	Chandrasekhar limit
Notable awards	Nobel Prize in Physics (1983) Copley Medal (1984) National Medal of Science (1966) Padma Vibhushan (1968)

Early life and education

 

 

 

Chandrasekhar was born on 19 October 1910 in Lahore, Punjab, India to a Tamil Iyer family Sitalakshmi (1891–1931) and Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Iyer (1885–1960) who was posted in Lahore as Deputy Auditor General of the Northwestern Railways at the time of Chandrasekhar's birth. He was the eldest of their four sons and the third of their ten children. His paternal uncle was the Indian physicist and Nobel laureate C. V. Raman. C. S. Iyer. His mother was devoted to intellectual pursuits, had translated Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House into Tamil and is credited with arousing Chandra's intellectual curiosity at an early age.

Chandrasekhar was tutored at home initially through middle school and later attended the Hindu High School, Triplicane, Madras during the years 1922-25. Subsequently, he studied at Presidency College, Madras from 1925 to 1930, writing his first paper, "The Compton Scattering and the New Statistics", in 1929 upon inspiration from a lecture by Arnold Sommerfeld and obtaining his bachelor's degree, B.Sc. (Hon.), in physics in June 1930.


In July 1930, Chandrasekhar was awarded a Government of India scholarship to pursue graduate studies at the University of Cambridge, where he was admitted to Trinity College, secured by Professor R. H. Fowler with whom he communicated his first paper. During his travels to England, Chandrasekhar spent his time working out the statistical mechanics of the degenerate electron gas in white dwarf stars, providing relativistic corrections to Fowler's previous work (see Legacy below).


In his first year at Cambridge, as a research student of Fowler, Chandrasekhar spent his time in intensive study, calculating mean opacities and applying his results to the construction of an improved model for the limiting mass of the degenerate star, and was introduced to the monthly meetings of the Royal Astronomical Society, where he met Professor E. A. Milne. At the invitation of Max Born he spent the summer of 1931, his second year of post-graduate studies, at Born’s institute at Göttingen, working on opacities, atomic absorption coefficients, and model stellar photospheres. On the advice of Prof. P. A. M. Dirac, he spent his final year of graduate studies at the Institute for Theoretical Physics in Copenhagen, where he met Prof. Niels Bohr.


After receiving a bronze medal for his work on degenerate stars, in the summer of 1933, Chandrasekhar was awarded his PhD degree at Cambridge with a thesis among his four papers on rotating self-gravitating polytropes, and the following October, he was elected to a Prize Fellowship at Trinity College for the period 1933-37. During this time, he made acquaintance with Sir Arthur Eddington. Chandrasekhar married Lalitha Doraiswamy in September 1936. He had met her as a fellow student, a year junior to him, at Presidency College, Madras. In his Nobel autobiography, Chandrasekhar wrote, "Lalitha's patient understanding, support, and encouragement have been the central facts of my life."




Chandrasekhar's infamous encounter with Arthur Eddington in 1935, in which the latter publicly ridiculed Chandra's most famous (and ultimately correct) discovery (see Chandrasekhar limit) led Chandra to consider employment outside of the U.K. (Later in life, Chandra on multiple occasions, expressed the view that Eddington's behavior was in part racially motivated.)


Masa Kuliah di Universitas Cambridge



Menurut tradisi India, ia harus tinggal di rumah merawat ibunya. Namun ibunya yang ingin anaknya sukses mendesak Chandra (nama kecil Chandrasekhar) untuk tetap pergi ke Cambridge, Inggris. 

Selama perjalanan panjang dengan kapal laut ke Inggris, Chandra mencoba menggabungkan pengetahuannya tentang bintang Bajang putih (white dwarf) dengan teori relativistik spesial, ia terkejut sekali mendapatkan hasil bahwa suatu bintang bajang putih dapat terbentuk melalui evolusi bintang, asalkan massa bintang itu kurang dari 1,45 massa matahari. 

Jika bintang terlalu berat maka gaya tolak akibat larangan Pauli tidak mampu menahan gaya gravitasi bintang, akibatnya bintang akan kolaps menjadi bintang netron atau bahkan menjadi lubang hitam (black hole). 

Tiba di Universitas Cambridge, dengan beasiswa penuh dari pemerintah India, Chandrasekhar menjadi mahasiswa peneliti di bawah bimbingan Profesor R.H. Fowler. Di tengah-tengah kesibukannya, Chandrasekhar masih ingat hasil perhitungannya di kapal laut itu. 

Ia mencoba menghitung ulang dan mendiskusikannya dengan para fisikawan di Cambridge, ternyata ia mendapatkan hasil yang sama bahwa ada batas atas massa bintang agar dapat berevolusi menjadi bintang bajang putih. 

Batas atas ini kemudian terkenal dengan nama “Chandrasekhar limit”. Karena hasil penelitian mengenai evolusi bintang inilah, 50 tahun kemudian Chandrasekhar dianugerahi hadiah nobel fisika (1983). 

Chandrasekhar sempat menghabiskan tahun ketiga masa kuliahnya di institut fisika teori, Copenhagen atas saran P.A.M. Dirac (pelopor fisika kuantum) yang melihat kemampuannya yang cemerlang. Pada tahun 1933, ia memperoleh gelar Ph.D dari Cambridge. 

Hanya beberapa bulan berselang, ia bergabung dengan Trinity College hingga tahun 1937. Ketika melakukan kunjungan ke Universitas Harvard, atas undangan Dr. Harlow Shapley selama musim dingin (Januari-Maret 1936), ia ditawari posisi sebagai peneliti di Universitas Chicago dan memutuskan menerima tawaran itu pada Januari 1937. 

Saat berada di Chicago, iapun melengkapi teorinya dan mempublikasikannya dalam buku An Introduction to the Study of Stellar Structure (1939). 

Riset bagi Chandrasekhar memang merupakan kerja berkesinambungan. 

Ia mencatat ada tujuh periode riset dalam hidupnya. 

Pertama, teori tentang struktur bintang, termasuk mengenai Bajang Putih (1929-39). 

Kedua, teori gerak Brownian yang merupakan bagian dari dinamika bintang (1938-43). 

Ketiga, teori tentang transfer energi, termasuk tentang atmosfer bintang dan teori kuantum ion negatif hidrogen, juga tentang atmosfer bintang (1943-50). 

Keempat, stabilitas hidrodinamika dan hidromagnetik (1953-61). 

Kelima, keseimbangan dan stabilitas bentuk elips, bagian dari kolaborasinya dengan Norman R Lebovitz (1961-8). Keenam, teori relativitas umum dan astrofisika relativitas (1962-71). 

Terakhir, teori matematika Black Holes (1974-83). Hasil penelitiannya itu dipublikasikan dalam berbagai monograf dan jurnal terkenal untuk astrofisika dan fisika.. 

Pimpinan Universitas Chicago, Hanna Gray pernah mengungkapkan kesannya terhadap Chandrasekhar. Profesor bidang astronomi dan astrofisika ini adalah ilmuwan yang penuh dedikasi, guru dari para guru, seseorang yang senantiasa membaktikan dirinya untuk kreativitas dunia ilmiah. 

Disamping fisika, Chandrasekhar juga menyukai bahasa Inggris dan senang membaca karya-karya sastra terkenal tulisan Shakespeare. 

Orang sangat mengagumi bahasa inggrisnya yang sangat sempurna baik dalam tata bahasa maupun aksennya, sampai-sampai fisikawan terkenal Hans Bethe mengatakan: 

"Chandrasekhar was one of the great astrophysicists of our time. He was also the greatest master of the English language that I know”. 

Sumber: Prof. Yohanes Surya, Ph.D.