Dirgantara
ialah suatu istilah yang berkaitan dengan atmosfer
Bumi.
Biasanya kata ini digunakan untuk merujuk pada industri
yang meneliti, merancang, membuat, dan meluncurkan, dan memelihara
kendaraan yang terbang ke angkasa. Dirgantara adalah istilah yang luas,
yang digunakan di bidang komersial, industri, dan militer.
Di kebanyakan negara industri, industri dirgantara adalah kerja sama
antara industri swasta dan negeri. Sebagai contoh, beberapa negara
memiliki program
luar angkasa di bawah komando pemerintah
seperti NASA
di Amerika Serikat, ESA di Eropa, Canadian Space Agency di Kanada, Indian Space Research
Organisation di India, Roskosmos di Rusia, Administrasi Antariksa Nasional Cina di Republik Rakyat Cina, Badan
Antariksawan Iran di Iran dan SUPARCO di Pakistan.
Bersama dengan program luar angkasa publik itu, banyak perusahaan
yang membuat peralatan dan komponen teknis seperti satelit
dan wahana antariksa. Beberapa perusahaan
terkenal yang bekerja di program luar angkasa adalah Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, EADS, dan Boeing.
Perusahaan tersebut juga ikut serta dalam wilayah kedirgantaraan lain
seperti pembuatan pesawat terbang. Banyak negara yang
memiliki perusahaan transportasi, seperti Air
France, Air India, dll.
Aerospace manufacturer
An aerospace
manufacturer is a company or individual that is involved in the
various aspects of designing, building, testing, selling, and
maintaining aircraft, aircraft
parts, missiles, rockets,
and/or spacecraft.
In the European Union, aerospace companies such as EADS, BAE
Systems, Thales, Dassault, Saab AB and Finmeccanica
account for a large share of the global aerospace industry and research
effort,
with the European Space Agency as one of the
largest consumers of aerospace technology and products.
In Russia,
large aerospace companies like Oboronprom
and the United
Aircraft Building Corporation (encompassing Mikoyan,
Sukhoi,
Ilyushin,
Tupolev,
Yakovlev,
and Irkut which includes Beriev)
are among the major global players in this industry.
In the United States, the Department of Defense
and NASA
are the two biggest consumers of aerospace technology and products.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States reported that the
aerospace industry employed 444,000 wage and salary jobs in 2004, many
of which were in Washington and California.
This is down from the peak years during the Reagan Administration when total
employment exceeded 1,000,000 aerospace industry workers.
During that
period of recovery a special program to restore US competitiveness
across all US industries, Project Socrates, contributed to employment growth as the
U.S. aerospace industry captured 72 percent of the global aerospace
market. By 1999 US share of the global market fell to 52 percent.
Leading companies like Boeing, United Technologies Corporation
and Lockheed Martin Corp.
are among the most widely known aerospace manufacturers in the world.
Important locations of the civil aerospace industry worldwide include
Seattle,
Dayton, Ohio and St.
Louis in the USA (Boeing), Montreal
in Canada (Bombardier), Toulouse
in France and Hamburg in Germany (both Airbus/EADS), the
North-West of England and Bristol in the UK (BAE
Systems, Airbus and AgustaWestland), as well as São José dos Campos in Brazil where Embraer
is based. Komsomolsk-on-Amur and Irkutsk
in Russia.
In the aerospaces & defense industry, a lot of consolidation has
appeared over the last couple of decades. Between 1988 and 2010,
worldwide more than 5'452 mergers & acquisitions with a
total known value of 579 bil. USD have been announced.
The largest transactions have been: the merger of Boeing
with McDonnell valued at 13.4 bil. USD in
1996,
Marconi Electronic Systems, a
subsidiary of General Electric, was acquired by British Aerospace for 12.9 bil. USD in 1999
(now called: BAE Systems), and Raytheon
acquired Hughes Aircraft for 9.5 bil. USD in 1997.
Wikipedia
