Mengembangkan Riset dan Inovasi IPTEK Robotik untuk Kepentingan Penjelajahan Antariksa
- Main list: List of basic space exploration topics
A robotic spacecraft is a spacecraft
with no humans on board, usually under telerobotic control. A robotic spacecraft
designed to make scientific research measurements is often called a space
probe. Many space missions are more suited to telerobotic rather
than crewed operation, due to lower cost and
lower risk factors.
In addition, some planetary destinations such as Venus or the vicinity of Jupiter are too hostile for human survival, given current technology. Outer planets such as Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are too distant to reach with current crewed spaceflight technology, so telerobotic probes are the only way to explore them.
Many artificial satellites are robotic spacecraft, as are many landers and rovers.In addition, some planetary destinations such as Venus or the vicinity of Jupiter are too hostile for human survival, given current technology. Outer planets such as Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are too distant to reach with current crewed spaceflight technology, so telerobotic probes are the only way to explore them.
- Robotic space exploration programs
- Robotic spacecraft
- Timeline of planetary exploration
- Landings on other planets
- Pioneer program
- Luna program
- Zond program
- Venera program
- Mars probe program
- Ranger program
- Mariner program
- Surveyor program
- Viking program
- Voyager program
- Vega program
- Phobos program
- Discovery program
- Chang'e program
- Animals in space
- Humans in space
- Astronauts
- human spaceflight
- List of human spaceflights
- List of human spaceflights by program
- Vostok program
- Mercury program
- Voskhod program
- Gemini program
- Soyuz program
- Apollo program
- Salyut program
- Skylab
- Space Shuttle program
- Mir
- International Space Station
- Shenzhou spacecraft
- Vision for Space Exploration
- Aurora Programme
- Tier One
- Human adaptation to space
- Space colonization.
- Recent and future developments
- Asia's Space Race
- Energy development
- Crew Exploration Vehicle
- Exploration of Mars
- Space tourism
- Private spaceflight
- Space colonization
- Interstellar spaceflight
- Other
Sejarah Robot Antariksa
The first space mission, Sputnik 1,
was an artificial satellite put into Earth orbit by the USSR on 4 October 1957. On 3 November 1957, the
USSR orbited Sputnik 2, the first to carry a living animal into
space a
dog.
Ten other countries have successfully launched orbital missions using
their own vehicles: USA (1958), France (1965), Australia (1967), Japan
and China (1970), the United Kingdom (1971), India (1980), Israel
(1988), Iran (2009), and North Korea (2012).
References
References
- ^ "How Space is Explored". NASA.
- ^ Peter Bond, Obituary: Lt-Gen Kerim Kerimov, The Independent, 7 April 2003.
- ^ Betty Blair (1995), "Behind Soviet Aeronauts", Azerbaijan International 3 (3).
- ^ http://www.spacex.com/press.php?page=20080928
- ^ NASA Astrobiology
- ^ http://www.aleph.se/Trans/Words/x.html
- ^ World Wide Words: Fears and dreads
- ^ iTWire - Scientists will look for alien life, but Where and How?
- ^ Astrobiology
- ^ Launching the Alien Debates :: Astrobiology Magazine - earth science - evolution distribution Origin of life universe - life beyond :: Astrobiology is study of earth science evolution distribution Origin of life in universe terrestrial
- ^ Dinerman, Taylor (September 27, 2004). "Is the Great Galactic Ghoul losing his appetite?". The space review. Retrieved on 2007-03-27.
- ^ Knight, Matthew. "Beating the curse of Mars". Science & Space. Retrieved on 2007-03-27.
- ^ a b Wong, Al (May 28, 1998). "Galileo FAQ - Navigation". NASA. Retrieved on 2006-11-28.
- ^ Hirata, Chris. "Delta-V in the Solar System". California Institute of Technology. Retrieved on 2006-11-28.
- ^ Suomi, V. E.; Limaye, S. S.; Johnson, D. R. (1991). "High winds of Neptune - A possible mechanism". Science 251: 929–932. doi:.
- ^ Agnor, C. B.; and Hamilton, D. P. (2006). "Neptune's capture of its moon Triton in a binary–planet gravitational encounter". Nature 441: 192. doi:. Retrieved on 2006-05-10.
- ^ IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU Resolution votes. International Astronomical Union (2006)Staff (2006). "IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU resolution votes". IAU. Retrieved on 2007-05-11..
- ^ "Voyager Frequently Asked Questions". Jet Propulsion Laboratory (January 14, 2003). Retrieved on 2006-09-08.
- ^ Robert Roy Britt (2003). "Pluto Mission a Go! Initial Funding Secured". space.com. Retrieved on 2007-04-13.
- ^ "Colonies in space may be only hope, says Hawking", Telegraph.co.uk (October 15, 2001). Retrieved on 2007-08-05.
- ^ "NASA "Reach" Public Service Announcement for Space Exploration". NASA.
- ^ "Origin of Human Life – USA Today/Gallup Poll". Pollingreport.com (June 1–3, 2007). Retrieved on 2007-08-05.
- ^ Arthur C. Clarke, Interplanetary Flight -- An Introduction to Astronautics, Harper & Brothers, New York, 1950,Chapter 10
- ^ [Feynman, Richard P., What Do You Care What Other People Think?, 1988, W W Norton, ISBN 0-393-02659-0, 2001 paperback: ISBN 0-393-32092-8]
- ^ NASA (December 4, 2006). "GLOBAL EXPLORATION STRATEGY AND LUNAR ARCHITECTURE". Press release. Retrieved on 2007-08-05.
External links
- Space related news
- Nasa's website on human space travel
- "America's Space Program: Exploring a New Frontier", a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan
