"Pria berasal dari Bumi dengan LOGIKA-nya, Wanita berasal dari Bumi dengan PERASAAN-nya. bersatulah di Bumi dengan Kasih-Nya."
~A.N~
Suatu ucapan atau teori belum bisa dikatakan ilmiah hanya karena sudah dibuktikan, melainkan karena sudah dapat diuji.
Ucapan: "Semua logam akan memuai jika dipanaskan" dapat dianggap ilmiah kalau dapat diuji dengan percobaan-percobaan sistematis untuk menyangkalnya.
Kalau suatu teori setelah diuji tetap tahan, berarti kebenarannya semakin kokoh (Corroboration).
Makin besar kemungkinan untuk menyangkal sebuah teori, makin kokoh pula kebenarannya.
Inilah yang kemudian oleh Karl R. Popper disebut sebagai: The Thesis of Refutability, suatu ucapan atau hipotesa bersifat ilmiah bila terdapat kemungkinan untuk menyangkalnya.
Berdasarkan pendapat tradisional, cara kerja ilmu didasarkan pada prinsip verifiabilitas: yaitu bahwa suatu pernyataan dapat dibenarkan berdasarkan bukti-bukti pengamatan empiris.
Dengan mengajukan prinsip falsifiabilitas Popper menyatakan bahwa segala ungkapan atau pernyataan pada dasarnya dapat dibuktikan salah.
Prinsip ini menjadi penentu untuk membedakan suatu ungkapan ilmiah dan non ilmiah.
Falsifiability/Problem of demarcation
Popper coined the term "critical rationalism" to describe his
philosophy. Concerning the method of science, the term indicates his
rejection of classical
empiricism, and the classical
observationalist-inductivist account of science that had grown out of it. Popper argued strongly against the latter, holding that
scientific theories
are abstract in nature, and can be tested only indirectly, by reference
to their implications. He also held that scientific theory, and human
knowledge generally, is irreducibly conjectural or hypothetical, and is
generated by the creative imagination in order to solve problems that
have arisen in specific historico-cultural settings.
Logically, no number of positive outcomes at the level of
experimental testing can confirm a scientific theory, but a single
counterexample is logically decisive: it shows the theory, from which
the implication is derived, to be false. The term "
falsifiable"
does not mean something is made false, but rather that, if it is false,
it can be shown by observation or experiment. Popper's account of the
logical asymmetry between
verification and
falsifiability lies at the heart of his philosophy of science.
It also inspired him to take falsifiability as his criterion of
demarcation
between what is, and is not, genuinely scientific: a theory should be
considered scientific if, and only if, it is falsifiable. This led him
to attack the claims of both
psychoanalysis and contemporary
Marxism to scientific status, on the basis that their theories are not falsifiable.
Popper also wrote extensively against the famous
Copenhagen interpretation of
quantum mechanics. He strongly disagreed with
Niels Bohr's
instrumentalism and supported
Albert Einstein's
realist approach to scientific theories about the universe. Popper's falsifiability resembles
Charles Peirce's nineteenth century
fallibilism. In
Of Clocks and Clouds (1966), Popper remarked that he wished he had known of Peirce's work earlier.
In
All Life is Problem Solving, Popper sought to explain the
apparent progress of scientific knowledge that is, how it is that our
understanding of the universe seems to improve over time.
Sumber:
Logika Penemuan Ilmiah:
Oleh: Prof. Karl R. Popper.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Popper
Arip Nurahman Notes
