F-35B Propulsion Story
Mesin Jet Tempur Super Canggih
The engine used on the F-35 is the Pratt & Whitney F135. An alternative engine, the General Electric/Rolls-Royce F136, was under development until December 2011 when the manufacturers canceled the project.
Neither the F135 or F136 engines are designed to supercruise in the F-35, however the F-35 can achieve a limited supercruise of Mach 1.2 for 150 miles. The F135 is the second (radar) stealthy afterburning jet engine and, like the Pratt & Whitney F119
from which it was derived, has suffered from pressure pulsations in the
afterburner at low altitude and high speed or "screech" during
development. Turbine bearing health will be monitored with thermoelectric-powered sensors.
The F-35 has a maximum speed of over Mach 1.6. With a maximum takeoff weight of 60,000 lb (27,000 kg),
the Lightning II is considerably heavier than the lightweight fighters
it replaces. In empty and maximum gross weights, it more closely
resembles the single-seat, single-engine Republic F-105 Thunderchief, which was the largest single-engine fighter of the Vietnam war
era. The F-35's modern engine delivers over 60 percent more thrust in
an aircraft of the same weight so that in thrust to weight and wing
loading it is much closer to a comparably equipped F-16.
The STOVL F-35B is outfitted with the Rolls-Royce LiftSystem, designed by Lockheed Martin and developed by Rolls-Royce. This system more resembles the Russian Yak-141 and German VJ 101D/E than the preceding STOVL Harrier Jump Jet and the Rolls-Royce Pegasus engine. The Lift System is composed of a lift fan, drive shaft, two roll posts and a "Three Bearing Swivel Module" (3BSM).
The 3BSM is a thrust vectoring
nozzle which allows the main engine exhaust to be deflected downward at
the tail of the aircraft. The lift fan is near the front of the
aircraft and provides a counterbalancing thrust using two
counter-rotating blisks.
It is powered by the engine's low-pressure (LP) turbine via a drive shaft and gearbox. Roll control during slow flight is achieved by diverting unheated engine bypass air through wing-mounted thrust nozzles called Roll Posts.
It is powered by the engine's low-pressure (LP) turbine via a drive shaft and gearbox. Roll control during slow flight is achieved by diverting unheated engine bypass air through wing-mounted thrust nozzles called Roll Posts.
Diagram of turbojet energy for LiftSystem
F136 funding came at the expense of other parts of the program, impacting on unit costs.
The F136 team has claimed that their engine has a greater temperature
margin which may prove critical for VTOL operations in hot, high
altitude conditions.
Pratt & Whitney has tested higher thrust versions of the F135, partly in response to GE's claims that the F136 is capable of producing more thrust than the 43,000 lbf (190 kN) of early F135s. The F135 has demonstrated a maximum thrust of over 50,000 lbf (220 kN) during testing; making it the most powerful engine ever installed in a fighter aircraft as of 2010.
Pratt & Whitney has tested higher thrust versions of the F135, partly in response to GE's claims that the F136 is capable of producing more thrust than the 43,000 lbf (190 kN) of early F135s. The F135 has demonstrated a maximum thrust of over 50,000 lbf (220 kN) during testing; making it the most powerful engine ever installed in a fighter aircraft as of 2010.
Mesin jet adalah sebuah jenis mesin pembakaran dalam
menghirup udara yang sering digunakan dalam pesawat. Prinsip seluruh
mesin jet pada dasarnya sama; mereka mempercepat massa (udara dan hasil
pembakaran) ke satu arah dan dari hukum gerak Newton ketiga mesin akan mengalami dorongan ke arah yang berlawanan. Yang termasuk mesin jet antara lain turbojet, turbofan, rocket, ramjet, dan pump-jet.
Mesin ini menghirup udara dari depan dan mengkompresinya. Udara digabungkan dengan bahan bakar, dan dibakar. Pembakaran menambah banyak peningkatan energi dari gas yang kemudian dibuang ke belakang mesin. Proses ini mirip dengan siklus empat-gerak, dengan induksi, kompresi, penyalaan, dan pembuangan terjadi secara berkelanjutan. Mesin menghasilkan dorongan karena percepatan udara yang melaluinya; gaya yang sama dan berlawanan yang dihasilkan adalah dorongan bagi mesin.
Mesin jet mengambil massa udara yang relatif sedikit dan mempercepatnya dengan jumlah yang besar, di mana sebuah pendorong
mengambil massa udara secara besar dan mempercepatnya dalam jumlah
kecil. Pembuangan kecepatan tinggi dari mesin jet membuatnya efisien
pada kecepatan tinggi (terutama kecepatan supersonik) dan ketinggian tinggi.
Pada pesawat pelan dan yang membutuhkan jarak terbang pendek, pendorong yang menggunakan turbin gas, yang umumnya dikenal sebagai turboprop, lebih umum dan lebih efisien. Pesawat sangat kecil biasanya menggunakan mesin piston untuk menjalankan pendorong tetap turboprop kecil semakin lama semakin kecil dengan berkembangnya teknologi teknik.
Efisiensi pembakaran sebuah mesin jet, seperti mesin pembakaran dalam lainnya, dipengaruhi besar oleh rasio volume udara yang dikompresi dengan volume pembuangan. Dalam mesin turbin
kompresi udara dan bentuk "duct" yang melewati ruang pembakaran
mencegah aliran balik dari situ dan membuat pembakaran berkelanjutan
dimungkinkan dan proses pendorongan.
Mesin turbojet modern modular dalam konsep dan rancangan. Inti
penghasilan-tenaga utama, sama dalam seluruh mesin jet, disebut sebagai generator gas.
Dan juga modul tambahan lainnya seperti gearset pengurang dorongan
(turboprop/turboshaft), kipas lewat, dan "afterburner". Jenis alat
tambahan dipasang berdasarkan penggunaan pesawat.
Semoga Industri Permesinan Canggih di Indonesia semakin maju dan berkembang.
Sources:
Wikipedia
Lockheed Martin
Pratt & Whitney
http://www.pw.utc.com/
Rolls-Royce
http://www.rolls-royce.com/
Nusantara Turbin & Propulsi, Bandung, Indonesia.
http://www.umcntp.co.id/
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