Indonesian Space Sciences Technology School

Orbital Mechanics 

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 

 Added and Edited By: Arip Nurahman 

Department of Physics Education, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics 

Indonesia University of Education 

and

Follower Open Course Ware at Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, USA
Department of Physics
http://web.mit.edu/physics/
http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Physics/index.htm
&
Aeronautics and Astronautics Engineering
http://web.mit.edu/aeroastro/www/
http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Aeronautics-and-Astronautics/index.htm

Orbital mechanics or astrodynamics is the application of celestial mechanics to the practical problems concerning the motion of rockets and other spacecraft. The motion of these objects is usually calculated from Newton's laws of motion and Newton's law of universal gravitation. It is a core discipline within space mission design and control.

Celestial mechanics treats more broadly the orbital dynamics of systems under the influence of gravity, including both spacecraft and natural astronomical bodies such as star systems, planets, moons, and comets. Orbital mechanics focuses on spacecraft trajectories, including orbital maneuvers, orbit plane changes, and interplanetary transfers, and is used by mission planners to predict the results of propulsive maneuvers.

General relativity is a more exact theory than Newton's laws for calculating orbits, and is sometimes necessary for greater accuracy or in high-gravity situations (such as orbits close to the Sun).

Contents 1 Rules of thumb 2 History 3 Practical techniques 3.1 Transfer orbits 3.2 Gravity assist and the Oberth effect 3.3 Interplanetary Transport Network and fuzzy orbits 4 Laws of astrodynamics 4.1 Escape velocity 4.2 Formulae for free orbits 4.3 Circular orbits 5 Mathematical techniques 5.1 Kepler's equation 5.2 Perturbation theory 5.3 Conic orbits 5.4 The patched conic approximation 5.5 The universal variable formulation 5.6 Perturbations 5.7 Non-ideal orbits 6 See also 7 References 8 External links 9 Further reading

 

Sejarah

Until the rise of space travel in the twentieth century, there was little distinction between orbital and celestial mechanics. The fundamental techniques, such as those used to solve the Keplerian problem (determining position as a function of time), are therefore the same in both fields. Furthermore, the history of the fields is almost entirely shared.

Johannes Kepler was the first to successfully model planetary orbits to a high degree of accuracy, publishing his laws in 1605. Isaac Newton published more general laws of celestial motion in his 1687 book, Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica.

See also

Spaceflight portal

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Space mathematics

• Spacecraft propulsion
• Tsiolkovsky rocket equation
• Aerodynamics
• Astrophysics
• Celestial mechanics
• Chaos theory
• Lagrangian point
• N-body problem
• Orbit
• Roche limit
• Canonical units

References

• Bate, Roger R.; Mueller, Donald D., and White, Jerry E. (1971). Fundamentals of Astrodynamics. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-60061-0.

• Sellers, Jerry J.; Astore, William J., Giffen, Robert B., Larson, Wiley J. (2004). Kirkpatrick, Douglas H.. ed.. Understanding Space: An Introduction to Astronautics (2 ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 228. ISBN 0072424680.

• "Air University Space Primer, Chapter 8 - Orbital Mechanics". USAF.

External links

• ORBITAL MECHANICS (Rocket and Space Technology)
• Java Astrodynamics Toolkit

 

[show] Types General Box · Capture · Circular · Elliptical / Highly elliptical · Escape · Graveyard · Hyperbolic trajectory · Inclined / Non-inclined · Osculating · Parabolic trajectory · Parking · Synchronous (semi · sub) Geocentric Geosynchronous · Geostationary · Sun-synchronous · Low Earth · Medium Earth · Molniya · Near-equatorial · Orbit of the Moon · Polar · Tundra Other Areosynchronous · Areostationary · Halo · Lissajous · Lunar · Heliocentric · Heliosynchronous [show] Parameters Classical Inclination · Longitude of the ascending node · Eccentricity · Argument of periapsis · Semi-major axis · Mean anomaly at epoch Other True anomaly · Semi-minor axis · Linear eccentricity · Eccentric anomaly · Mean longitude · True longitude · Orbital period [show] Maneuvers Bi-elliptic transfer · Geostationary transfer · Gravity assist · Hohmann transfer · Inclination change · Phasing · Rendezvous · Transposition, docking, and extraction [show] Other orbital mechanics topics Apsis · Celestial coordinate system · Delta-v budget · Epoch · Ephemeris · Equatorial coordinate system · Gravity turn · Ground track · Interplanetary Transport Network · Kepler's laws of planetary motion · Lagrangian point · Low energy transfers · n-body problem · Oberth effect · Orbit equation · Orbital speed · Orbital state vectors · Perturbation · Retrograde and direct motion · Specific orbital energy · Specific relative angular momentum List of orbits

Cosmology

Add & Edited By:

Arip Nurahman

Department of Physics,
Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics
Indonesia University of Education
and
Follower Open Course Ware at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge.
USA

from: Wikipedia International

Cosmology, from the Greek: (cosmologia, κόσμος (cosmos) universe + λόγος (logos) study, word, reason, plan) is study of the Universe in its totality, and by extension, humanity's place in it. Though the word cosmology is recent (first used in 1730 in Christian Wolff's Cosmologia Generalis), study of the Universe has a long history involving science, philosophy, esotericism, and religion.

Contents 1 Disciplines 2 Historical Cosmologies 2.1 Historical descriptions of the cosmos 3 Physical cosmology 4 Metaphysical cosmology 5 Religious cosmology 6 Esoteric cosmology 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links

Disciplines

In recent times, physics and astrophysics have come to play a central role in shaping what is now known as physical cosmology by bringing observations and mathematical tools to analyze the universe as a whole:

in other words, in the understanding of the universe through scientific observation and experiment.

This discipline, which focuses on the universe as it exists on the largest scale and at the worst moments, is generally understood to begin with the big bang (possibly combined with cosmic inflation) - an expansion of space from which the Universe itself is thought to have emerged ~13.7±0.2×10 <>9 ( 13.7 billion) years ago. From its violent beginnings and until its various speculative ends, cosmologists propose that the history of the Universe has been governed entirely by physical laws.

Between the domains of religion and science, stands the philosophical perspective of metaphysical cosmology. This ancient field of study seeks to draw intuitive conclusions about the nature of the universe, man, god and/or their relationships based on the extension of some set of presumed facts borrowed from spiritual experience and/or observation.

But metaphysical cosmology has also been observed as the placing of man in the universe in relationship to all other entities. This is demonstrated by the observation made by Marcus Aurelius of a man's place in that relationship: " “He who does not know what the world is does not know where he is, and he who does not know for what purpose the world exists, does not know who he is, nor what the world is.” This is the purpose of the ancient metaphysical cosmology.

However, Stoicism rejected Aristotle's theory of universals as being "in the things themselves," calling them "figments of the mind." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy adopting the concept of universals as being "concepts," and therefore of the mind, and therefore controllable by free will. Thus, we get the analysis of Aurelius' that the nature of the universe is not from "intuition," but from a free-will, conceptual understanding of the nature of the universe.

Cosmology is often an important aspect of the creation myths of religions that seek to explain the existence and nature of reality. In some cases, views about the creation (cosmogony) and destruction (eschatology) of the universe play a central role in shaping a framework of religious cosmology for understanding humanity's role in the universe.

A more contemporary distinction between religion and philosophy, esoteric cosmology is distinguished from religion in its less tradition-bound construction and reliance on modern "intellectual understanding" rather than faith, and from philosophy in its emphasis on spirituality as a formative concept.

There are many historical cosmologies:

“…the universe itself acts on us as a random, inefficient, and yet in the long run effective, teaching machine. …our way of looking at the universe has gradually evolved through a natural selection of ideas.” —Steven Weinberg 

Notes

1. ^ "First Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations".
2. ^ Weinberg, Steven. 1992. Dreams of a Final Theory (Pantheon Books, NY) p158. ISBN 0-679-41923-3
3. ^ Alan Guth is reported to have made this very claim in an Edge Foundation interview.

References

• Jean-Marc Rouvière, Brèves méditations sur la création du monde, L'Harmattan, Paris 2006.
• Roos, Matts Introduction to Cosmology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester: 2003.
• Hawley, John F. & Katerine A. Holcomb Foundations of Modern Cosmology. Oxford University Press, Oxford: 1998.
• Hetherington, Norriss S. Cosmology: Historical, Literary, Philosophical, Religious, and Scientific Perspectives. Garland Publishing, New York: 1993.
• Long, Barry. The Origins of Man and the Universe ISBN 0-9508050-6-8
• Martinus Thomsen's The Third Testament is about the explanation of life, everything inside it and the reason (or origin) of it.
• Arthur Koestler's The Sleepwalkers (1959) provides a scholarly study of the history of cosmology from the Chaldeans to Kepler.
• Gal-Or, Benjamin, Cosmology, Physics and Philosophy, Springer Verlag, 1981, 1983, 1987, New York
• Schechner, Sara J. Comets, Popular Culture, and the Birth of Modern Cosmology. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1997.

External links

 

Look up Cosmology in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Cosmic Journey: A History of Scientific Cosmology from the American Institute of Physics
• Cosmology lecture notes with a GFDL license footer
• Vedic Cosmology

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmology"

Categories: Cosmology | Philosophical terminology | Astrophysics

Sumber: Wikipedia

Indonesian Space Sciences Technology School

Introduction to Aerospace 

Engineering and Design

Added & Edited
By: Arip Nurahman

Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics

Indonesia University of Education

and

Follower Open Course Ware at Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, USA
Department of Physics
http://web.mit.edu/physics/
http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Physics/index.htm
&
Aeronautics and Astronautics Engineering
http://web.mit.edu/aeroastro/www/
http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Aeronautics-and-Astronautics/index.htm

 

Staff

Instructor:
Prof. Dava Newman

Course Meeting Times

Lectures:
Two sessions / week
1.5 hours / session

Level

Undergraduate

Just Click it!

• Syllabus
• Calendar
• Readings
• Labs
• Assignments
• Projects
• Related Resources
• Download Course Materials

The Space Shuttle orbiter Atlantis, framed by the California mountains, as it rides on the back of one of NASA’s Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA) en route from California to the Kennedy Space Center, Florida. (Image courtesy of NASA.)

Course Highlights

This course contains labs, assignments, projects, and related resources dealing with aircraft and rocketry design concepts.

Course Description

The fundamental concepts, and approaches of aerospace engineering, are highlighted through lectures on aeronautics, astronautics, and design. Active learning aerospace modules make use of information technology. Student teams are immersed in a hands-on, lighter-than-air (LTA) vehicle design project, where they design, build, and fly radio-controlled LTA vehicles. The connections between theory and practice are realized in the design exercises. Required design reviews precede the LTA race competition. The performance, weight, and principal characteristics of the LTA vehicles are estimated and illustrated using physics, mathematics, and chemistry known to freshmen, the emphasis being on the application of this knowledge to aerospace engineering and design rather than on exposure to new science and mathematics.

Technical Requirements

Special software is required to use some of the files in this course: .rm.

Syllabus

This syllabus include information on the topics covered, texts used, and the rules and policies of the course.

Prerequisites

8.01 and 18.01

Course Requirements

Textbook

Dava Newman. Interactive Aerospace Engineering and Design. McGraw-Hill, 2002.

Class Participation

Your questions and comments are extremely valuable. Since the lecture material is available ahead of time from the textbook and on the Web, there will be more time in lecture to discuss (in seminar style) the material rather than spending the entire 90 minutes copying the lecture notes from a blackboard. Discussions during class time are highly encouraged to fill gaps in the lecture material, to guide the pace of the class, and for you to enquire about the meaning, relevance, and importance of lecture material.

Portfolio

Students are required to compile a portfolio containing notes, brainstorming ideas, concepts, sketches and final designs. This comprehensive notebook, or Personal Design Portfolio (PDP), is due toward the end of the term (See syllabus). A recommended template is provided for developing your PDP (See CD-ROM). The intent is to promote good note taking habits as an aid to understanding the material, to put your creativity down on paper and the computer, to help me assess what you are picking up in the lectures, and to grade your individual contributions to your design teams. In sum, the PDP presents a concise snapshot of what you learn throughout the entire semester and emphasizes your individual contributions.

Problem Sets

All assignments are given on the syllabus homepage. Homework assignments include traditional problems, thought problems, design problems and Web-based presentations (Preliminary Design Review (PDR), and Critical Design Review (CDR).

Lighter-than-Air (LTA) Vehicle Design Project

Teams of 5-6 students each would design, build, and race a remote controlled, lighter-than-air vehicle. The teams compete in their ability to carry the largest payload around a specified course in the minimum amount of time. The designs are judged on their equivalent mass/time. LTA vehicles are also judged in the categories of most reliable and most aesthetic designs. All designs are constrained to have a gross mass of less than 1.75 kg. A project kit is provided consisting of radio control equipment, batteries, balloons, electric motors, and construction materials.

Grading

Performance will be evaluated on the basis of class participation, reading summaries, problem sets, personal design portfolio submissions, and the LTA vehicle design project. There will be no tests or final exam. The final grade for the course will be calculated approximately as follows:

• Problem Sets and Reading Summaries 30%
• Student Personal Design Portfolio 15%
• LTA Design Project 45% (including PDR, CDR, Trials and Race)
• Attendance, Participation, General Evaluation 10%

Problem Set Solutions

Solutions will be posted one week after problem sets are due.

Handouts

There will be occasional handouts in lectures. It is expected that regular attendance in lecture will offer the opportunity to pick up these handouts.

A Note on Submission of Work

The manner in which you present your work can be just as important (and in some cases more so) than the final answer. Be sure to delineate each step along the way. Show a clear and logical approach to your solution. That makes your problem sets a better reference to you and easier for us to give you partial credit (if so deserving).

Readings

The textbook, written by the instructor, covers the topics examined in this course in greater detail.

When you click the Amazon logo to the left of any citation and purchase the book (or other media) from Amazon.com, MIT OpenCourseWare will receive up to 10% of this purchase and any other purchases you make during that visit. This will not increase the cost of your purchase. Links provided are to the US Amazon site, but you can also support OCW through Amazon sites in other regions. Learn more.

Interactive Aerospace Engineering and Design with CD-ROM

Author: Dava Newman, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
ISBN: 0-07-235124-1
Description: ©2002 / Hardcover with CDROM
Publication Date: July 2001

Overview

Intended for both majors and non-majors taking a first course in Introduction to Aerospace Engineering or Introduction to Flight. This new text will inspire students with its integrated bound-in CD-ROM and its strong emphasis in design. Its active visual approach and inclusion of space-oriented engineering makes it ideal for the changing needs of the Aerospace Engineering field. Newman's book is the first to include integrated multimedia, strong coverage of space flight, the design process, and extensive coverage of space flight. A CD-ROM, bound in with the book, provides extensive animations, QuickTime movies, and MATLAB^® based simulations to motivate student readers. A student design project is included to convey the importance of team orientated design in an accessible manner. All resource and multimedia materials are provided on the CD-ROM, including: PDF files of the book chapters; additional color photographs, figures, and pictures referenced in the text; multimedia animations, simulations, and vrml files. The icons in the book, namely, the CD-ROM and World Wide Web (WWW) icons, refer you to materials that are on the CD-ROM and website, respectively, not in the text. In the margins of the text you will see the CD-ROM icon with a filename, which means that the referenced resource material (photograph, animation, simulation, etc.) is linked to the CD-ROM and should be accessed and studied at that point in the chapter. The lighter-than-air (LTA) vehicle and electronics laboratory ('Ornithopter Lab') contain extensive multimedia materials and are referenced throughout the book, especially in Chapter 12. The WWW icon refers to the website for the text and CD-ROM where one will find a chronological listing of all the URLs referenced throughout the book.

Features

• With a growing trend toward inclusion of design in engineering courses, Newman's book includes a hands on comprehensive design project for students, as well as topical coverage of design issues where appropriate.
• The book is packaged with a CD-ROM containing a web based format of active animations, simulations, and QuickTime movies.
• While many books lack coverage of space applications, Newman's book provides the best balance of conceptual foundations, aircraft and aerospace.
• Book will also include an accompanying Web Site with both instructor and student resources.
• Very current.
  

Supplements

• Interactive Aerospace Engineering and Design Instructor's Website / 0-07-234821-6

Table of Contents

1. A Brief History of Flight
2. Introduction to Engineering
3. Aerodynamics
4. Aircraft Performances
5. Introduction to Structural Engineering
6. Aircraft Propulsion
7. Introduction to Airplane Stability and Control
8. The Space Environment: An Engineering Perspective
9. Orbital Mechanics
10. Satellite Systems Engineering
11. Humans Space Exploration
12. Design: Lighter-Than-Air (LTA) Vehicle Module
13. Unit Systems and Unit Conversion Factors
14. Physical Constants and Miscellaneous Factors

MATLAB^® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc.