Astro Fisika: How Indonesian People Get Nobel Prize in The Future

Wednesday, 5 August 2009

How Indonesian People Get Nobel Prize in The Future

Central for Research and Development for Winning

Nobel Prize in Physics at Indonesia

Nobel Fisika Indonesia

"for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him"

"Aku belum pernah melihat orang yang menikmati begitu banyak ilmu. Sukacita semata-mata melihat hal-hal dan melakukan sains diisi dia dengan kegembiraan dan kesenangan. Dia memiliki semangat luar biasa untuk hidup. Dia menikmati makanannya, leluconnya, perkelahian dan perselisihan. Namun kenikmatan yang ia miliki untuk ilmu pengetahuan adalah sesuatu yang terpisah. Dalam pengejaran ini seolah-olah egonya menghilang sama sekali di hadapan Alam berkilau. Ya, ia benar-benar hilang dalam keajaiban dan keindahan dari apa yang ia berusaha memahaminya."

(S. Ramaseshan for C.V. Raman)

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930

"for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him"

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman

India
Calcutta University Calcutta, India
b. 1888 d. 1970

Titles, data and places given above refer to the time of the award.
Photos: Copyright © The Nobel Foundation

Nobel Lecture

Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1930

The Molecular Scattering of Light

The Lecture in Text Format
Pdf 38 kB

»
Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 1930

From Nobel Lectures, Physics 1922-1941, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1965

In order to read the text you need Acrobat Reader.

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, FRS

Born	7 November 1888(1888-11-07) Thiruvanaikoil, Tiruchirappalli, Madras Presidency, India
Died	21 November 1970(1970-11-21) (aged 82) Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Nationality	Indian
Fields	Physics
Institutions	Indian Finance Department University of Calcutta Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Indian Institute of Science
Alma mater	University of Madras
Doctoral students	G. N. Ramachandran
Known for	Raman effect
Notable awards	Knight Bachelor (1929) Nobel Prize in Physics (1930) Bharat Ratna (1954) Lenin Peace Prize (1957)
Signature

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, FRS (Tamil: சந்திரசேகர வெங்கடராமன்) (7 November 1888 – 21 November 1970) was an Indian physicist whose work was influential in the growth of science in the world. He was the recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930 for the discovery that when light traverses a transparent material, some of the light that is deflected changes in wavelength. This phenomenon is now called Raman scattering and is the result of the Raman effect.

Career

In 1917, Raman resigned from his government service and took up the newly created Palit Professorship in Physics at the University of Calcutta. At the same time, he continued doing research at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Calcutta, where he became the Honorary Secretary. Raman used to refer to this period as the golden era of his career. Many students gathered around him at the IACS and the University of Calcutta.

Energy level diagram showing the states involved in Raman signal.

On February 28, 1928, through his experiments on the scattering of light, he discovered the Raman effect. It was instantly clear that this discovery was an important one. It gave further proof of the quantum nature of light. Raman spectroscopy came to be based on this phenomenon, and Ernest Rutherford referred to it in his presidential address to the Royal Society in 1929. Raman was president of the 16th session of the Indian Science Congress in 1929. He was conferred a knighthood, and medals and honorary doctorates by various universities. Raman was confident of winning the Nobel Prize in Physics as well, and was disappointed when the Nobel Prize went to Richardson in 1928 and to de Broglie in 1929. He was so confident of winning the prize in 1930 that he booked tickets in July, even though the awards were to be announced in November, and would scan each day's newspaper for announcement of the prize, tossing it away if it did not carry the news. He did eventually win the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him". He was the first Asian and first non-White to receive any Nobel Prize in the sciences. Before him Rabindranath Tagore (also Indian) had received the Nobel Prize for Literature.

C.V Raman & Bhagavantam, discovered the quantum photon spin in 1932, which further confirmed the quantum nature of light. [1]

Raman also worked on the acoustics of musical instruments. He worked out the theory of transverse vibration of bowed strings, on the basis of superposition velocities. He was also the first to investigate the harmonic nature of the sound of the Indian drums such as the tabla and the mridangam.

Raman and his student of mim high school, provided the correct theoretical explanation for the acousto-optic effect (light scattering by sound waves), in a series of articles resulting in the celebrated Raman-Nath theory. Modulators, and switching systems based on this effect have enabled optical communication components based on laser systems.

In 1934, Raman became the assistant director of the Indian Institute of technology in kharagpur, where two years later he continued as a professor of physics. Other investigations carried out by Raman were experimental and theoretical studies on the diffraction of light by acoustic waves of ultrasonic and hypersonic frequencies (published 1934-1942), and those on the effects produced by X-rays on infrared vibrations in crystals exposed to ordinary light.

He also started a company called cv Chemical and Manufacturing Co. Ltd. in 1943 along with Dr. Krishnamurthy. The Company during its 60 year history, established four factories in Southern India. In 1947, he was appointed as the first National Professor by the new government of Independent India.

In 1948, Raman, through studying the spectroscopic behavior of crystals, approached in a new manner fundamental problems of crystal dynamics. He dealt with the structure and properties of diamond, the structure and optical behavior of numerous iridescent substances (labradorite, pearly feldspar, agate, opal, and pearls). Among his other interests were the optics of colloids, electrical and magnetic anisotropy, and the physiology of human vision.

Personal life

Raman retired from the Indian Institute of Science in 1948 and established the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore, Karnataka a year later. He served as its director and remained active there until his death in 1970, in Bangalore, at the age of 82.

He was married on 6 May 1907 to Lokasundari Ammal with whom he had two sons, Chandrasekhar and Radhakrishnan.

C.V. Raman was the paternal uncle of Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, who later won the Nobel Prize in Physics (1983) for his discovery of the Chandrasekhar limit in 1931 and for his subsequent work on the nuclear reactions necessary for stellar evolution.

Notes

^ Sir C. V. Raman (1988). Scientific Papers of C.V. Raman: Acoustics Volume 2. Indian Academy of Sciences. p. ix.
^ "Padma Awards Directory (1954-2007)" (pdf). Ministry of Home Affairs. http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf. Retrieved 26 November 2010.

References

Bhagavantam, S. (November 1971). "Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman. 1888-1970". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society (London: Royal Society) 17: 565–592. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1971.0022. http://www.jstor.org/stable/769720.
"Raman, Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. 2007. http://www.britannica.com/nobelprize/print?articleId=62569&fullArticle=true&tocId=9062569. Retrieved 2007-09-11.

Miller, Foil A.; Kauffman, George (1989). "C. V. Raman and the Discovery of the Raman effect". Journal of Chemical Education 66: 795–801. Bibcode 1989JChEd..66..795M. doi:10.1021/ed066p795.
Ramaseshan S: C.V.Raman. Journal of Madras University, section B, Sept.1983, 46(1): 1-16.
Scientific Papers of CV Raman, Ed. S Ramaseshan, Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore 1988.
Sri Kantha S: The discovery of the Raman Effect and its impact in Biological Sciences. European Spectroscopy News, Aug/Sept. 1988, no.80, 20, 22, 24 & 26.
Sri Kantha S: Raman's prize. Nature, 1989; 340: 672.
Fabelinski I,L. Priority and the Raman Effect. Nature, 1990; 343: 686.
"CV Raman centennial issue". Journal of the Indian Institute of Science 68 (11-12). 1988. http://www.archive.org/details/RamanCentennial.