Fisikawan dari MIT

Collected By:

Arip Nurahman
Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics
Indonesia University of Education
&
Follower Open Course Ware at MIT-Harvard University, U.S.A.

MIT Physics Open Course Ware

http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/

Fisikawan dari MIT

(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)

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In terms of intellectual interest, the MIT Department of Physics is without compare. Its graduate program was recently ranked first in the nation. Its faculty and students are dynamic, innovative, and on the cutting edge of science exploration. Faculty members are involved in research worldwide and are represented at all major research facilities.

The research activities of MIT Department of Physics affiliates have also been recognized by five Nobel Prizes awarded since 1990. Recent Nobel Laureates include:

2004	Frank Wilczek, Herman Feshbach Professor of Physics, MIT
2001	Wolfgang Ketterle, John D. MacArthur Professor of Physics, MIT; Eric A. Cornell, MIT PhD Physics 1990
1994	Clifford G. Shull, Professor of Physics Emeritus, MIT (deceased)
1990	Jerome I. Friedman, Institute Professor and Professor of Physics, MIT; Henry W. Kendall, Professor of Physics, MIT; MIT PhD Physics 1951, SB Physics 1948 (deceased)
1976	Samuel C. C. Ting, Thomas Dudley Cabot Professor of Physics; Burton Richter, MIT PhD Physics 1956, SB Physics 1952

MIT physics faculty and Nobel Laureates Jerome Friedman, Frank Wilczek,
Wolfgang Ketterle and Samuel Ting.

In terms of working atmosphere, the Department is committed to creating a comfortable, yet challenging environment. The atmosphere is informal and collegial, yet employees are encouraged to grow professionally as well as personally through training and educational opportunities.

Jerome I. Friedman
Institute Professor, Emeritus; Professor of Physics, Emeritus; 1990 Nobel Laureate
Experimental High Energy Physics

Frank Wilczek
Herman Feshbach Professor of Physics; 2004 Nobel Laureate
Theoretical Particle Physics

Wolfgang Ketterle
John D. MacArthur Professor of Physics; Director, MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms; 2001 Nobel Laureate
Atomic, Molecular and Optical

Samuel C. C. Ting
Thomas Dudley Cabot Professor of Physics; 1976 Nobel Laureate
Experimental High Energy Physics

Physics Research Divisions:

Division of Astrophysics

COMPACT OBJECTS	COSMOLOGY	OTHER
X-ray	Optical	Space Plasma Physics
Binary Evolution	Radio	Planetary Astronomy
Gravitation	Theory
	X-ray

Division of Atomic, Condensed Matter, and Plasma Physics

Atomic

Condensed Matter Experiment

Condensed Matter Theory

Biophysics

Plasma Physics

Division of Experimental Nuclear and Particle Physics

High Energy Physics

Relativistic Heavy Ion Physics

Intermediate Energy Physics

Division of Theoretical Nuclear and Particle Physics (including the Center for Theoretical Physics and Laboratory for Nuclear Science)

Particle Theory

Nuclear Theory

String Theory

Research Centers and Facilities

MIT-affiliated Research Centers and Facilities

Bates Linear Accelerator Center

Center for Magnetic Resonance

Center for Materials Science and Engineering

Center for Theoretical Physics

Condensed Matter Theory Group

G. R. Harrison Spectroscopy Laboratory

Haystack Radio Observatory

The Kavli Institute for Astrophysics & Space Research at MIT

Laboratory for Nuclear Science

Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) (with Caltech)

Magellan Project at Las Campanas Observatory (with OCIW, and the Universities of Arizona, Harvard, and Michigan)

Michigan-Dartmouth-MIT Observatory

MIT–Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms

Plasma Science and Fusion Center

Research Laboratory of Electronics

George R. Wallace Jr. Astrophysical Observatory

U. S. Government Research Centers and Facilities

Brookhaven National Laboratory: High Flux Beam Reactor

Brookhaven National Laboratory: National Synchrotron Light Source

Sumber: http://web.mit.edu/physics/

The Discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physics for 2007 jointly to

Albert Fert
Unité Mixte de Physique CNRS/THALES, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France,

and

Peter Grünberg
Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany,

"for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance".

 

Nanotechnology gives sensitive read-out heads for compact hard disks

This year's physics prize is awarded for the technology that is used to read data on hard disks. It is thanks to this technology that it has been possible to miniaturize hard disks so radically in recent years. Sensitive read-out heads are needed to be able to read data from the compact hard disks used in laptops and some music players, for instance.

In 1988 the Frenchman Albert Fert and the German Peter Grünberg each independently discovered a totally new physical effect – Giant Magnetoresistance or GMR. Very weak magnetic changes give rise to major differences in electrical resistance in a GMR system. A system of this kind is the perfect tool for reading data from hard disks when information registered magnetically has to be converted to electric current. Soon researchers and engineers began work to enable use of the effect in read-out heads. In 1997 the first read-out head based on the GMR effect was launched and this soon became the standard technology. Even the most recent read-out techniques of today are further developments of GMR.

A hard disk stores information, such as music, in the form of microscopically small areas magnetized in different directions. The information is retrieved by a read-out head that scans the disk and registers the magnetic changes. The smaller and more compact the hard disk, the smaller and weaker the individual magnetic areas. More sensitive read-out heads are therefore required if information has to be packed more densely on a hard disk. A read-out head based on the GMR effect can convert very small magnetic changes into differences in electrical resistance and there-fore into changes in the current emitted by the read-out head. The current is the signal from the read-out head and its different strengths represent ones and zeros.

The GMR effect was discovered thanks to new techniques developed during the 1970s to produce very thin layers of different materials. If GMR is to work, structures consisting of layers that are only a few atoms thick have to be produced. For this reason GMR can also be considered one of the first real applications of the promising field of nanotechnology.

Read more about this year's prize

Information for the Public (pdf)

Scientific Background (pdf)

To read the text you need Acrobat Reader.

Links and Further Reading

---

Albert Fert, French citizen. Born 1938 in Carcassonne, France. Ph.D. in 1970 at Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France. Professor at Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France, since 1976. Scientific director of Unité mixte de physique CNRS/Thales, Orsay, France, since 1995.
www2.cnrs.fr/en/338.htm

Peter Grünberg, German citizen. Born 1939 in Pilsen. Ph.D. in 1969 at Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany. Professor at Institut für Festkörperforschung, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany, since 1972.
www.fz-juelich.de/portal/gruenberg_e


Prize amount: SEK 10 million to be shared equally between the Laureates

Contact persons: Erik Huss, Press Officer, Phone +46 8 673 95 44, mobile +46 70 673 96 50, erik.huss@kva.se
Ulrika Björkstén, Scientific editor, mobile +46 70 206 67 50, ulrika.bjorksten@kva.se

Teknologi Kapal Luar Angkasa V

Mars Orbiter Examines 'Lace' and 'Lizard Skin' Terrain

Added and Edited By:

Arip Nurahman Department of Physics, Faculty of sciences and Mathematics

Indonesia University of Education
&
Follower Open Course Ware at MIT-Harvard University, U.S.A.

Calendar / Announcements
11.12.09	Lecture series: Taking a Closer Look at Exoplanet Atmospheres
11.12.09	Teacher workshop: Lunar Certification
11.14.09	Teacher workshop: Connecting With Climate Change
12.03.09	Lecture series: Monitoring Earth's Changing Land Surface

SAN FRANCISCO - Scrutiny by NASA's newest Mars orbiter is helping scientists learn the stories of some of the weirdest landscapes on Mars, as well as more familiar-looking parts of the Red Planet.

One type of landscape near Mars' south pole is called "cryptic terrain" because it once defied explanation, but new observations bolster and refine recent interpretations of how springtime outbursts of carbon-dioxide gas there sculpt intricate patterns and paint seasonal splotches.

"A lot of Mars looks like Utah, but this is an area that looks nothing like Planet Earth," said Candice Hansen of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., deputy principal investigator for the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera on NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.

In addition to radially branching patterns called "spiders," which had been detected by an earlier Mars orbiter, other intriguing ground textures in the area appear in the new images. "In some places, the channels form patterns more like lace. In others, the texture is reminiscent of lizard skin," Hansen said.

Results from all six instruments on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, which reached Mars last year, are described in dozens of presentations this week by planetary scientists in San Francisco at the fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union.

This is a perspective view of a scene within Mars' Candor Chasma. It shows how the surface would appear to a person standing on top of one of the many hills in the region and facing southeast. Image credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona
› Full image and caption
By taking stereo pictures of a target area from slightly different angles during different orbits, HiRISE can show the surface in three dimensions. Channels found to widen as they run uphill in the cryptic terrain region testify that the channels are cut by a gas, not a liquid.

Earlier evidence for jets of gas active in the region came from fan-shaped blotches appearing seasonally, which scientists interpret as material fallen to the surface downwind of vents where the gas escapes. Some of the fans are dark, others bright. "The dark fans are probably dust, but the exact composition of the brighter fans had remained unknown until now," said Tim Titus of the U.S. Geological Survey's Astrogeology Team, Flagstaff, Ariz.

Observations by the new orbiter's Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars suggest that the bright fans are composed of carbon-dioxide frost. Here's the story researchers now propose: Spring warms the ground under a winter-formed coating of carbon dioxide ice. Thawing at the base of the coating generates carbon-dioxide gas, which carves channels as it pushes its way under the ice to a weak spot where it bursts free. The jet of escaping gas carries dust aloft and also cools so fast from expanding rapidly that a fraction of the carbon dioxide refreezes and falls back to the surface as frost.

The processes creating the cryptic terrain are current events on Mars. Repeated HiRISE observations of the same target area show the downwind fans can form and grow perceptibly in less than five days.

Other new findings from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter reveal processes of Martian environments long ago. A team including Chris Okubo of the University of Arizona, Tucson, used stereo HiRISE images to examine layered deposits inside Mars' Candor Chasma, part of Valles Marineris, the largest canyon system in the solar system.

"The high-resolution structural map allowed us to interpret the geological history of the area," Okubo said. "The layers are tilted in a way that tells us they are younger than the canyon." Spectrometer studies of the composition of these deposits had indicated water played a role in their formation, but their age relative to the formation of the canyon had been uncertain. The new findings suggest water was present after the canyon formed.

JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter mission for the NASA Science Mission Directorate, Washington. Lockheed Martin Space Systems, Denver, is the prime contractor for the project and built the spacecraft. The University of Arizona operates the HiRISE camera, which was built by Ball Aerospace and Technology Corp., Boulder, Colo. The Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars team, led by Johns Hopkins University's Applied Physics Laboratory, includes expertise from universities, government agencies and small businesses in the United States and abroad.



JPL HIGHER EDUCATION

JPL's Higher Education Group facilitates interactions among colleges and universities (including Caltech) and NASA's Education Office to develop and administer educational programs and research opportunities. The goal is to promote a deeper understanding of the NASA mission by all participants and inspire them to pursue related careers or projects in science, engineering, and technology.

While at JPL, most of the participants are JPL affiliates, not JPL employees, and most of their activities take place during several weeks of the summer. All of the programs have eligibility requirements and schedules that applicants must meet in order to be accepted, and awards are competitive.

To get started, visit Find Your Place at JPL, a site geared for students and professionals who are interested in finding out how their field of study fits into JPL’s matrix environment.

The Pre-college Bridge Programs are for students just graduated from high school and on their way to college but not yet enrolled.

The Undergraduate Student Programs offer research challenges to rising college sophomores, juniors, and seniors.

The Graduate Student Programs are for students pursuing degrees beyond the baccalaureate who seek opportunities for summer research projects or for extended collaboration with JPL technical staff tied to their graduate research projects.

The Postdoctoral Programs are primarily, but not solely, for recent recipients of doctoral degrees who are looking for extended research opportunities [two to three years] before accepting or returning to permanent positions in industry, academia, or at federally-funded research and development centers like JPL.

The Faculty Programs accept people in teaching and/or research positions at U. S. academic institutions who want to collaborate with JPL technical staff for professional advancement or to enhance their effectiveness as teachers.

Research Affiliate positions are available to selected scholars able to spend time at JPL conducting projects in concert with JPL technical staff.

A variety of Minority University Programs offer opportunities not different in kind from those mentioned above, but with different sources of support and with the emphasis on increasing the diversity of the NASA/JPL workforce.

Student Employment opportunities

Sumber:

Media Contact: Guy Webster 818-354-6278
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
guy.webster@jpl.nasa.gov

Arip Nurahman

Semoga Bermanfaat!