Monday 28 September 2009

How Indonesian People Get Nobel Prize in The Future



Central for Research and Development for Winning
Nobel Prize in Physics at Indonesia

Nobel Fisika Indonesia

Ernest Lawrence

Ernest Orlando Lawrence

Ernest Orlando Lawrence

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1939 was awarded to Ernest Lawrence "for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements".



Ernest Lawrence

Ernest O. Lawrence
Born August 8, 1901(1901-08-08)
Canton, South Dakota
Died August 27, 1958(1958-08-27) (aged 57)
Palo Alto, California
Residence United States
Nationality American
Fields Physics
Institutions University of California, Berkeley
Yale University
Alma mater University of South Dakota
University of Minnesota
Yale University
Doctoral advisor W.F.G. Swann
Doctoral students Edwin McMillan
Chien-Shiung Wu
Known for The invention of the cyclotron atom-smasher
elementary particle physics
The Manhattan Project
Notable awards Hughes Medal (1937)
Elliott Cresson Medal (1937)
Comstock Prize in Physics (1938)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1939)
Faraday Medal (1952)
Enrico Fermi Award (1957)

Ernest Orlando Lawrence (August 8, 1901 – August 27, 1958) was an American physicist and Nobel Laureate, known for his invention, utilization, and improvement of the cyclotron atom-smasher beginning in 1929, based on his studies of the works of Rolf Widerøe, and his later work in uranium-isotope separation for the Manhattan Project. Lawrence had a long career at the University of California, Berkeley, where he became a Professor of Physics. In 1939, Lawrence was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work in inventing the cyclotron and developing its applications. Chemical element number 103 is named "lawrencium" in Lawrence's honor. He was also the first recipient of the Sylvanus Thayer Award.[1] His brother John H. Lawrence was known for pioneering in the field of nuclear medicine.

The Developments of the Cyclotron

The invention that brought Lawrence to international fame started out as a sketch on a scrap of paper. While sitting in the library one evening, Lawrence glanced over a journal article and was intrigued by one of the diagrams. The idea was to produce very high-energy particles required for atomic disintegration by means of a succession of very small "pushes." The device as depicted however, was laid out in a straight line using increasingly longer electrodes. Lawrence saw that such an accelerator would soon become too long and unwieldy for his university laboratory. In pondering a way to make the accelerator more compact, Lawrence decided to set a circular accelerating chamber between the poles of an electromagnet. The magnetic field would hold the charged protons in a spiral path as they were accelerated between just two semicircular electrodes connected to an alternating potential. After a hundred turns or so, the protons would impact the target as a beam of high-energy particles. Lawrence excitedly told his colleagues that he had discovered a method for obtaining particles of very high energy without the use of any high voltage.

Other scientists, including Leo Szilard, had investigated similar concepts, but Lawrence is credited with developing it further and turning it into practice.[3]

Diagram of cyclotron operation from Lawrence's 1934 patent.
 
The first model of Lawrence's cyclotron was made out of brass, wire, and sealing wax and was only four inches in diameter—it could literally be held in one hand. It probably cost $25 in all. And it worked: When Lawrence applied 2,000 volts of electricity to his makeshift cyclotron on January 2, 1931, he got 80,000-electron volt protons spinning around (at about 1% the speed of light). Through his increasingly larger machines, Lawrence was able to provide the crucial equipment needed for experiments in high energy physics. Around this device, Lawrence built up his Radiation Laboratory, which would become the world's foremost laboratory for the new field of nuclear physics research in the 1930s. He received a patent for the cyclotron in 1934, which he assigned to the Research Corporation. In 1936 the Radiation Laboratory became an official department of the University of California with Lawrence formally appointed its Director. He served in that capacity until his death. In 1937, he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[4]


In November 1939, Lawrence was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the cyclotron, the first particle accelerator to achieve high energies. Not only was he the first at Berkeley to become a Nobel Laureate, he was also the first ever to be so honored while at a state-supported university. The award ceremony was held on February 29, 1940 in Berkeley, California due to the war, in the auditorium of Wheeler Hall on the campus of the university with Lawrence receiving his medal from Carl E. Wallerstedt, Sweden's Consul General in San Francisco.

Sumber:
1. Wikipedia
2. Nobel Prize Org.

Ucapan Terima Kasih:

1. DEPDIKNAS Republik Indonesia
2. Kementrian Riset dan Teknologi Indonesia
3. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI)
4. Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia
5. Tim Olimpiade Fisika Indonesia
Disusun Ulang Oleh: 
Arip Nurahman

Pendidikan Fisika, FPMIPA, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
&
Follower Open Course Ware at MIT-Harvard University, USA.
Semoga Bermanfaat dan Terima kasih

Friday 25 September 2009

How Indonesian People Get Nobel Prize in The Future

Central for Research and Development for Winning
Nobel Prize in Physics at Indonesia

Nobel Fisika Indonesia

Nobel Prize Award Ceremony

Enrico Fermi

Enrico Fermi

Enrico Fermi

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1938 was awarded to Enrico Fermi "for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons".


Enrico Fermi

Enrico Fermi (1901–1954)
Born 29 September 1901(1901-09-29)
Rome, Italy
Died 28 November 1954(1954-11-28) (aged 53)
Chicago, Illinois, USA
Citizenship Italy (1901–1954)
United States (1944–1954)
Fields Physics
Institutions Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa
University of Göttingen
University of Leiden
University of Rome La Sapienza
Columbia University
University of Chicago
Alma mater Scuola Normale Superiore
Doctoral advisor Luigi Puccianti
Doctoral students Edoardo Amaldi
Owen Chamberlain
Geoffrey Chew
Mildred Dresselhaus
Jerome I. Friedman
Marvin Leonard Goldberger
Tsung-Dao Lee
Ettore Majorana
James Rainwater
Marshall Rosenbluth
Arthur H. Rosenfeld
Emilio Segrè
Jack Steinberger
Sam Treiman
Other notable students Richard Garwin
Bruno Pontecorvo
Leona Woods
Known for New radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation
Controlled nuclear chain reaction,
Fermi–Dirac statistics
Theory of beta decay
Influenced James Grier Miller
Notable awards Matteucci Medal (1926)
Nobel Prize for Physics (1938)
Hughes Medal (1942)
Franklin Medal (1947)
Rumford Prize (1953)
Spouse Laura Fermi
Signature
Enrico Fermi (29 September 1901 – 28 November 1954)[1] was an Italian-American physicist particularly known for his work on the development of the first nuclear reactor, Chicago Pile-1, and for his contributions to the development of quantum theory, nuclear and particle physics, and statistical mechanics. He was awarded the 1938 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on induced radioactivity.

Fermi is widely regarded as one of the leading scientists of the 20th century, highly accomplished in both theory and experiment.[2] Along with J. Robert Oppenheimer,[3] he is frequently referred to as "the father of the atomic bomb".[4][5] He also held several patents related to the use of nuclear power.

Several awards, concepts, and institutions are named after Fermi, such as the Enrico Fermi Award,[6] the Enrico Fermi Institute, the Fermi National Accelerator Lab, the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, the Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station, a type of particles called fermions, the synthetic element Fermium, and many more.

Patents

See also

Sumber:
1. Wikipedia
2. Nobel Prize Org.

Ucapan Terima Kasih:

1. DEPDIKNAS Republik Indonesia
2. Kementrian Riset dan Teknologi Indonesia
3. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI)
4. Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia
5. Tim Olimpiade Fisika Indonesia
Disusun Ulang Oleh: 
Arip Nurahman

Pendidikan Fisika, FPMIPA, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
&
Follower Open Course Ware at MIT-Harvard University, USA.
Semoga Bermanfaat dan Terima kasih

Monday 21 September 2009

How Indonesian People Get Nobel Prize in The Future

Central for Research and Development for Winning
Nobel Prize in Physics at Indonesia

Nobel Fisika Indonesia


Clinton Davisson

George Paget Thomson

Clinton Joseph Davisson
George Paget Thomson

Clinton Joseph Davisson

George Paget Thomson

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1937 was awarded jointly to Clinton Joseph Davisson and George Paget Thomson "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals"




Clinton Joseph Davisson

Davisson
Born October 22, 1881(1881-10-22)
Bloomington, Illinois, USA
Died February 1, 1958(1958-02-01) (aged 76)
Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
Nationality United States
Fields Physics
Institutions Princeton University
Carnegie Institute of Technology
Bell Labs
Alma mater University of Chicago
Princeton University
Doctoral advisor Owen Richardson
Known for Electron diffraction
Influenced Joseph A. Becker
William Shockley
Notable awards Comstock Prize in Physics (1928)[1]
Elliott Cresson Medal (1931)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1937)
Clinton Joseph Davisson (October 22, 1881 – February 1, 1958), was an American physicist who won the 1937 Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of electron diffraction. Davisson shared the Nobel Prize with George Paget Thomson, who independently discovered electron diffraction at about the same time as Davisson.

Biography

Early years

Davisson was born in Bloomington, Illinois. He graduated from Bloomington High School in 1902, and entered the University of Chicago on scholarship. Upon the recommendation of Robert A. Millikan, in 1905 Davisson was hired by Princeton University as Instructor of Physics. He completed the requirements for his B.S. degree from Chicago in 1908, mainly by working in the summers. While teaching at Princeton, he did doctoral thesis research with Owen Richardson. He received his Ph.D. in physics from Princeton in 1911; in the same year he married Richardson's sister, Charlotte.[2][3]

Career

Davisson was then appointed as an assistant professor at the Carnegie Institute of Technology. In 1917 he took a leave from the Carnegie Institute to do war-related research with the Engineering Department of the Western Electric Company (later Bell Telephone Laboratories). At the end of the war, Davisson accepted a permanent position at Western Electric after receiving assurances of his freedom there to do basic research. He had found that his teaching responsibilities at the Carnegie Institute largely precluded him from doing research.[2] Davisson remained at Western Electric (and Bell Telephone) until his formal retirement in 1946. He then accepted a research professor appointment at the University of Virginia that continued until his second retirement in 1954.[2]
Electron Diffraction and the Davisson-Germer Experiment
Diffraction is a characteristic effect when a wave is incident upon an aperture or a grating, and is closely associated with the meaning of wave motion itself. In the 19th Century, diffraction was well established for light and for ripples on the surfaces of fluids. In 1927, while working for Bell Labs, Davisson and Lester Germer performed an experiment showing that electrons were diffracted at the surface of a crystal of nickel. This celebrated Davisson-Germer experiment confirmed the de Broglie hypothesis that particles of matter have a wave-like nature, which is a central tenet of quantum mechanics. In particular, their observation of diffraction allowed the first measurement of a wavelength for electrons. The measured wavelength λ agreed well with de Broglie's equation λ = h / p, where h is Planck's constant and p is the electron's momentum.[4]



Sir George Paget Thomson

Born 3 May 1892(1892-05-03)
Cambridge, England
Died 10 September 1975(1975-09-10) (aged 83)
Cambridge, England
Nationality United Kingdom
Fields Physics
Institutions University of Aberdeen
University of Cambridge
Imperial College London
Alma mater University of Cambridge
Doctoral advisor John Strutt (Rayleigh)
Doctoral students Ishrat Hussain Usmani
Known for Electron diffraction
Notable awards Howard N. Potts Medal (1932)
Nobel Prize in Physics (1937)


Sir George Paget Thomson, FRS (3 May 1892 – 10 September 1975) was an English physicist and Nobel laureate in physics recognised for his discovery with Clinton Davisson of the wave properties of the electron by electron diffraction.

Biography

Thomson was born in Cambridge, England, the son of physicist and Nobel laureate J. J. Thomson and Rose Elisabeth Paget, the daughter of the professor of medicine at the University of Cambridge. Thomson went to The Perse School, Cambridge before going onto read mathematics and physics at Trinity College, Cambridge, until the outbreak of World War I in 1914, when he was commissioned into the Queen's Royal West Surrey Regiment. After brief service in France, he worked on aerodynamics at Farnborough and elsewhere. He resigned his commission as a Captain in 1920.

In 1924, Thomson married Kathleen Buchanan Smith, daughter of the Very Rev. Sir George Adam Smith. They had four children, two sons and two daughters. Kathleen died in 1941.

Career

After briefly serving in the First World War Thomson became a Fellow at Cambridge and then moved to the University of Aberdeen. George Thomson was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1937 for his work in Aberdeen in discovering the wave-like properties of the electron. The prize was shared with Clinton Joseph Davisson who had made the same discovery independently. Whereas his father had seen the electron as a particle (and won his Nobel Prize in the process), Thomson demonstrated that it could be diffracted like a wave, a discovery proving the principle of wave-particle duality which had first been posited by Louis-Victor de Broglie in the 1920s as what is often dubbed the de Broglie hypothesis.

In 1930 he was appointed Professor at Imperial College in the chair of the late Hugh Longbourne Callendar. In the late 1930s and during the Second World War Thomson specialised in nuclear physics, concentrating on practical military applications. In particular Thomson was the chairman of the crucial MAUD Committee in 1940–1941 that concluded that an atomic bomb was feasible. In later life he continued this work on nuclear energy but also wrote works on aerodynamics and the value of science in society.

Thomson stayed at Imperial College until 1952, when he became Master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. In 1964, the college honoured his tenure with the George Thomson Building, an outstanding work of modernist architecture on the college's Leckhampton campus.
Thomson was knighted in 1943.



Sumber:
1. Wikipedia
2. Nobel Prize Org.

Ucapan Terima Kasih:

1. DEPDIKNAS Republik Indonesia
2. Kementrian Riset dan Teknologi Indonesia
3. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI)
4. Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia
5. Tim Olimpiade Fisika Indonesia
Disusun Ulang Oleh: 
Arip Nurahman

Pendidikan Fisika, FPMIPA, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
&
Follower Open Course Ware at MIT-Harvard University, USA.
Semoga Bermanfaat dan Terima kasih

Friday 18 September 2009

Sciences 4 Kids





http://www.cdli.ca/
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Arip Nurahman
Pendidikan Fisika, FPMIPA. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
&
Follower Open Course Ware at MIT-Harvard University, Cambridge. USA.