Teleskop Luar Angkasa Hubble

http://hubblesite.org/

The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is a telescope in orbit around the Earth, named after astronomer Edwin Hubble. Its position outside the Earth's atmosphere provides significant advantages over ground-based telescopes — images are not blurred by the atmosphere, there is no background from light scattered by the air, and the Hubble can observe ultra-violet light that is normally absorbed by the ozone layer in observations made from Earth. Since its launch in 1990, it has become one of the most important instruments in the history of astronomy. With it, astronomers have made many observations leading to breakthroughs in astrophysics. Hubble's Ultra Deep Field has the most detailed visible light image of the most distant objects ever taken.

From its conception in 1946 until its launch, the project to build a space telescope was beset by delays and budget problems. Soon after its 1990 launch, it was found that the main mirror suffered from spherical aberration due to faulty quality control during its manufacturing, which severely compromised the telescope's capabilities. However, after a servicing mission in 1993, the telescope was restored to its intended quality and became a vital research tool as well as a public relations boon for astronomy. The HST is part of NASA's Great Observatories series, with the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, the Chandra X-ray Observatory, and the Spitzer Space Telescope.^[2] Hubble is a collaboration between NASA and the European Space Agency.

The Hubble is the only telescope ever designed to be serviced in space by astronauts. To date, there have been four servicing missions, with a fifth and final mission planned for September 2008. Servicing Mission 1 took place in December 1993 when Hubble's imaging flaw was corrected. Servicing Mission 2 occurred in February 1997 when two new instruments were installed. Servicing Mission 3 was split into two distinct missions: SM3A occurred in December 1999 when urgently needed repairs were made to Hubble; and then SM3B followed in March 2002 when the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) was installed.

Since SM3B, the Hubble has lost use of two major science instruments and is operating with viewing restrictions because of rate-sensing gyroscope failures. There are six gyroscopes onboard Hubble and three are normally used for observing. However, after further failures, and in order to conserve lifetime, a decision was taken in August 2005 to switch off one of the functioning gyroscopes and operate Hubble using only 2 gyros in combination with the Fine Guidance Sensors. This mode retains the excellent image quality of Hubble, and provides a redundancy should it be needed. Further redundancy is available now that an operational mode requiring only one gyro has been developed and tested. Six new gyroscopes are planned to be installed in SM4.

The two instruments that have failed are the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) which stopped working in August 2004 and the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) which ceased operations in January 2007 (operations were later restored for its little used far-ultraviolet mode). Currently (mid-2007) Hubble observations are being taken with the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) and the Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS). Astrometry is being carried out with the Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS). Without a reboost to increase the diameter of its orbit, drag will cause Hubble to re-enter the Earth's atmosphere sometime after 2010.

Following the 2003 Columbia Space Shuttle disaster, the fifth servicing mission (SM4), initially planned for 2004, was canceled on safety grounds. NASA determined that a manned mission would be too dangerous, due to a lack of access to the International Space Station (ISS), which can serve as a safe haven for an astronaut crew. The Shuttle cannot travel between the Hubble and ISS orbits. The organization later reconsidered this position, and, on October 31, 2006, NASA administrator Mike Griffin gave the green light for a final Hubble servicing mission to be flown by Atlantis. The mission is now planned for August 2008.^[3][4] As a safety precaution, NASA will have the orbiter Endeavour standing by at Launch Complex 39B to provide rescue in the event of an emergency. The planned repairs to the Hubble will allow the telescope to function until at least 2013, when its successor, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), is due to be launched. The JWST will be far superior to Hubble for many astronomical research programs, but will only observe in infrared, so that it will not replace Hubble's ability to observe in the visible and ultraviolet parts of the spectrum.

Contents 1 Conception, design and aims 1.1 Proposals and precursors 1.2 Quest for funding 1.3 Construction and engineering 1.4 Optical Telescope Assembly (OTA) 1.5 Spacecraft systems 1.6 Ground support 1.7 Challenger disaster 1.8 Instruments 2 Flawed mirror 2.1 Origin of the problem 2.2 Design of a solution 2.3 COSTAR 3 Servicing missions and new instruments 3.1 Servicing Mission 1 3.2 Servicing Mission 2 3.3 Servicing Mission 3A 3.4 Servicing Mission 3B 4 Scientific results 4.1 Important discoveries 4.2 Impact on astronomy 5 Using the telescope 5.1 Observation scheduling 5.2 Amateur observations 6 Hubble data 6.1 Transmission to Earth 6.2 Archive 6.3 Pipeline reduction 6.4 Data analysis 7 Outreach activities 8 Future 8.1 Equipment failure 8.2 Orbital decay 8.3 Debate over final servicing mission 9 See also 10 References 11 External links 11.1 Official 11.2 History 11.3 News Wikipedia Referensi: ^ Bless R.C., Walter L.E., White R.L. (1992), High Speed Photometer Instrument Handbook, v 3.0, STSci ^ Benedict, G. Fritz; McArthur, Barbara E. (2005), High-precision stellar parallaxes from Hubble Space Telescope fine guidance sensors, Transits of Venus: New Views of the Solar System and Galaxy, Proceedings of IAU Colloquium #196, Ed. D.W. Kurtz. Cambridge University Press, p.333–346 ^ Burrows C.J. et al (1991), The imaging performance of the Hubble Space Telescope, Astrophysical Journal, v.369, p.21 ^ The Hubble Space Telescope Optical Systems Failure ReportPDF (5.62 MiB), 1990, Lew Allen, Chairman, NASA Technical Report NASA-TM-103443. The spacing of the field lens in the corrector was to have been done by laser measurements off the end of an invar bar. Instead of illuminating the end of the bar, however, the laser in fact was reflected from a worn spot on a black-anodized metal cap placed over the end of the bar to isolate its center (visible through a hole in the cap). The technician who performed the test noted an unexpected gap between the field lens and its supporting structure in the corrector and filled it in with an ordinary metal washer. ^ Selected Documents in the History of the U.S. Civil Space Program Volume V: Exploring the Cosmos, (2001), John M. Logsdon, Editor ^ Mirror, Primary Backup, Hubble Space Telescope. From NASM web site.. ^ Chaisson, Eric (1994) The Hubble Wars; Astrophysics Meets Astropolitics in the Two-Billion-Dollar Struggle Over the Hubble Space Telescope. Harper Collins Publishers, ISBN 0-06-017114-6, p. 184. ^ Jedrzejewski R.I., Hartig G., Jakobsen P., Crocker J.H., Ford H. C. (1994), "In-orbit performance of the COSTAR-corrected Faint Object Camera", Astrophysical Journal Letters, v. 435, p. L7–L10 ^ Trauger J.T., Ballester G.E., Burrows C.J., Casertano S., Clarke J.T., Crisp D. (1994), The on-orbit performance of WFPC2, Astrophysical Journal Letters, v. 435, p. L3-L6 ^ STSci NICMOS pages.

Hubble Space Telescope

Mengenal Teleskop Luar Angkasa Hubble

Hubble Space Telescope
The Hubble Space Telescope, from the Space Shuttle Discovery during the second servicing mission, STS-82
General information
NSSDC ID:	1990-037B
Organization:	NASA/ESA/STScI
Launched:	April 24, 1990
Deorbited:	Around 2020
Mass:	11,110 kg (24,250 lb)
Orbit height:	589 km, 366 mi.
Orbit period:	96–97 min
Orbit velocity:	7,500 m/s, 16,800 mph (27,000 km/h)
Acceleration due to gravity:	8.169 m/s²
Location:	Low Earth orbit
Type of orbit:	Elliptical
Telescope style:	Ritchey-Chretien reflector
Wavelength:	Optical, ultraviolet, near-infrared
Diameter:	2.4 m (94 in)
Collecting area:	approx. 4.5 m² (46 ft²) [1]
Focal length:	57.6 m (189 ft)
Instruments
NICMOS:	infrared camera/spectrometer
ACS:	optical survey camera (failed)
WFPC2:	wide field optical camera
STIS:	optical spectrometer/camera (failed)
FGS:	three fine guidance sensors
Website:	http://www.nasa.gov/hubble http://hubble.nasa.gov http://hubblesite.org http://www.spacetelescope.org

Edited by:

Arip Nurahman

Teleskop angkasa Hubble adalah sebuah teleskop luar angkasa yang berada di orbit bumi. Nama Hubble diambil dari nama ilmuwan terkenal Amerika, Edwin Hubble yang juga merupakan penemu hukum Hubble. Sebagian besar dari benda-benda angkasa yang telah berhasil diidentifikasi, adalah merupakan jasa teleskop Hubble.

Sejarah

Pada tahun 1962, Akademi Sains Nasional Amerika merekomendasikan untuk membangun sebuah teleskop angkasa raksasa. Tiga tahun kemudian, tepatnya pada tahun 1977, kongres mulai mengumpulkan dana untuk proyek tersebut. Pada tahun yang sama pula, pembuatan teleskop angkasa Hubble segera dimulai.

Konstruksi teleskop Hubble, berhasil diselesaikan pada tahun 1985. Hubble di'angkasakan' untuk pertama kalinya pada tanggal 25 April 1990. Padahal, Hubble direncanakan untuk mulai dioperasikan pada tahun 1986. Tetapi, pengoperasiannya ditunda sementara karena bencana Pesawat Angkasa Challenger. Beberapa tahun setelah dioperasikan, Hubble mengirim gambar yang buram dan tidak jelas. Pada akhirnya NASA menemukan bahwa lensa pada teleskop tersebut bergeser sebanyak 1/50 ketebalan rambut manusia! Pada bulan Desember 1993, pesawat ulang-alik Endeavor dikirim untuk memodifikasi Hubble dengan menambahkan kamera baru untuk memperbaiki kesalahan pada lensa primernya.

Ukuran

• Teleskop: Ketebalan mencapai 13,1 meter (43,5 kaki), berdiameter 4,27 meter (14,0 kaki) dan memiliki berat 11.000 kilogram. Ukuran Hubble hampir sama dengan sebuah bus sekolah. Tabung oranye yang ada pada teleskop adalah sumber tenaga Hubble.
• Lensa: Lensa primer teleskop Hubble, berdiameter 2,4 m (8 kaki), dan beratnya mencapai 826 kilogram. Lensa ini terbuat dari kaca silika yang dilapisi oleh lapisan tipis aluminum murni untuk merefleksikan cahaya. Selain lapisan aluminum, lensanya juga memiliki lapisan magnesium fluorida yang berguna untuk mencegah oksidasi dan sinar ultraviolet (UV) dari matahari agar lensa tidak cepat rusak.

Cara kerja

Pertama-tama, Hubble menangkap gambar. Setelah diterima oleh teleskop, gambar tersebut akan diubah menjadi kode digital dan diradiasikan ke bumi dengan menggunakan antena yang memiliki kemampuan mengirimkan data 1 juta bit per detik. Setelah kode digital diterima oleh stasiun di bumi, kode itu akan diubah menjadi foto dan spektrograf (sebuah instrumen yang digunakan untuk mencatat spektrum astronomikal).

Teleskop ini dapat berjalan 5 mil per detik. Hubble dapat berkeliling lebih dari 150 juta mil per tahun (± 241 juta kilometer).


See also

• Telescope
• Space observatory
• Great Observatories program
• James Webb Space Telescope
• Hubble Origins Probe

References

1. ^ SYNPHOT User's Guide, version 5.0, Space Telescope Science Institute, page 27
2. ^ NASA's Great Observatories. NASA. Retrieved on 2007-01-10.
3. ^ ^{a b} Boyle, Alan. "NASA gives green light to Hubble rescue", MSNBC, 2006-10-31. Retrieved on 2007-01-10.
4. ^ NASA Consolidated Launch Manifest. NASA. Retrieved on 2007-04-24.
5. ^ Spitzer, L., REPORT TO PROJECT RAND: Astronomical Advantages of an Extra-Terrestrial Observatory, reprinted in Astr. Quarterly, volume 7, p. 131, 1990.
6. ^ Spitzer, Lyman S (1979), "History of the Space Telescope", Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, v. 20, p. 29
7. ^ ^{a b c} Dunar A.J., Waring S.P. (1999), Power To Explore—History of Marshall Space Flight Center 1960–1990, U.S. Government Printing Office, ISBN 0-16-058992-4 (Chapter 12, Hubble Space telescope: [1]PDF (260 KiB))
8. ^ HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE STAND-IN GETS STARRING ROLE. September 21, 2001. http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/news-release/releases/2001/h01-185.htm
9. ^ The European Homepage for the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope - Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved on 2007-01-10.
10. ^ Brandt J.C. et al (1994), "The Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph: Instrument, goals, and science results", Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, v. 106, p. 890–908

Official

• Space Telescope Science Institute
• NASA Hubble pages
• Spacetelescope, ESA's public Hubble pages
• Hubble Videos at ESA/Hubble
• HubbleSite, NASA's Hubble website for the public
• Hubble Space Telescope Mission Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration
• "A Brief History of the Hubble Space Telescope" from the NASA History Office
• The transition from Hubble to JWSTPDF (182 KiB) (August 2003 report)
• Press release about amateur observations

History

• Hubble data archive
• Hubble Heritage Project
• Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility
• STSDAS information
• Brief history of Hubble
• Amateur observations with Hubble, and a related press report
• Hubble data recording
• savethehubble.org
• Save the Hubble.com
• Track Hubble with Google Maps
• Hubble's current position, also with Google Maps

News

• Hubble's main camera goes dark
• Some questions about Hubble's Future
• Hubble Images: Some Great Photos Taken by Hubble
• Latest News about Hubble from the European Space Agency

Perbaikan:

Ke-1: 11-10-2009

Arip Nurahman

Semoga Bermanfaat

Olimpiade Astronomi

Olimpiade Astronomi

I  A  O

The International Astronomy Olympiad

The International Astronomy Olympiad is a scientific-educating event for students of the junior high school classes - 14-18 years old, which includes an intellectual competition between these students. The style of the problems is aimed at developing the imagination, creativity and independent thinking.

The Olympiad is carried out in the spirit of friendship, tolerance, where the competition is a stimulus for showing the participants' capabilities but contacts, exchange of ideas and collaboration between students, teachers and scientists from various countries have a primary importance. It should be emphasized that the competition at the International Astronomy Olympiad is not the most important part of the programme, in other words the competition with its points, places and Diploma is only a tool but not the purpose of the Olympiad, and the Olympiad is not "selection of the best students" and not "examinations". 

IAO takes place each year in the first two months of the astronomical autumn (i.e. September 22 - November 22) in either an observatory, a scientific research centre (town) or at an institute of the participating countries. IAO is organized by the Authorized National Representative (Astronomical) Organization (ANRAO) of the organizing country.

ANRAO of every participating country may send five students, who are the winners of the respective national olympiads or easy competitions: three students for the junior group (14-15 years old) and two students to the senior group (16-18 years old). They are to be accompanied by two team leaders as representatives of each country.

Countries which did not registered their ANRAO may send up to three students: two students for the junior group (14-15 years old) and one student to the senior group (16-18 years old). They are also to be accompanied by two team leaders.

Observers may be at the Olympiad as well.

The Olympiad is intended for students of the adolescent age when the interest to astronomy is being formed most actively. Then preparation for participation is still a useful and purposeful education not yet having turned training into an end in itself. This is a principal idea of the Olympiad.

A considerable part of the knowledge which is necessary for participation in the Olympiad goes beyond the frames of the school curriculum in most of the countries in the world. Preparation for the Olympiad needs extra-curricular activities of various types, whose promoting is one of the Olympiad's aims.

The total amount of knowledge is comparatively not too large and acquiring it is completely within the reach of the students of the above-mentioned age. It is also the age for which the spirit of the Olympiad as an entertaining competition is most appropriate. Involving students of the senior classes would lead to enlarging and complicating the necessary material, which would be senseless. For such students it already turns into a kind of sport and is significantly less useful from an educational point of view. For students 17-20 years old more serious events are preferable like conferences and competitions of research projects.

The International Olympiad is also a meeting of teachers and scientists, where exchange of ideas takes place, methods for refining the astronomical education are discussed and international collaboration in this field is established. 

Aims of the IAO

In recognition that:

• astronomy plays a fundamental role in the human progress and will acquire more global importance in the 21 century;
• astronomical knowledge is an important part of the culture of our civilization and an essential factor in forming the view of life and the way of thinking of the young people in the modern world;

The Olympiad sets itself the aims of:

1) Attracting the most talented young people to professional careers in the field of astronomy:

• giving an opportunity for showing their capabilities and encouraging the best students;
• helping the young people in choosing a profession;
• acquainting the participants with the real working conditions and the nature of the research work in the hosting observatory (institute), exchange of ideas and knowledge between astronomers, teachers and students.

2) Spreading astronomical knowledge among as many students as possible and improving the astronomical education:

• provoking an interest in astronomy, physics and astronautics in a greater number of children and young people;
• popularization of natural science and the scientific approach in astronomy and related sciences;
• encouraging teachers to work for improving, enriching and enlarging school astronomy education and including more children in it;
• activating the astronomy education in the junior classes of the high school;
• promoting extracurricular activities in amateur clubs, scientific societies, circles etc.;
• stimulating organization of national astronomical Olympiads in different countries;
• enhancing international contacts in the field of astronomy and physics education in schools.

3) Stimulating the imagination and creativity of children:

• the character of the astronomical tasks enables putting the students in non-standard situations, very close to those of a real scientific research; they can require creating hypotheses, assuming approximations, choosing between a multitude of factors that could be taken into account or neglected, and independent decision about the form of the needed answers;
• the astronomical tasks can set unusual problems for which solving a free way of thinking, fantasy and inventiveness are necessary;
• astronomical tasks allow a variety of completely different, although correct solutions applying different original approaches.

4) Cultivating a spirit of correctness and friendship:

• the International Astronomy Olympiad is a meeting of young people from different countries - future colleagues in the scientific exploration who will have to work in cooperation;
• in the time of the Olympiad favourable conditions are created for active contacts between students, teachers and specialists from the hosting observatory (institute) aimed at an intense exchange of knowledge, education and upbringing of the children during all stages of the event.

 

History

Competitions for young amateur astronomers, called "Olympiads", are carried out in former USSR for many years. The first attempts to organize a competition in an international (i.e. multilanguage) scale have been done in scientific town of Soviet Academy of Sciences "Chernogolovka" in 1990-1991 as a part of the so called Olympiad of Naukograds and Scientific Centres (NSC Olympiad). Teams of Russia, Moscow, Latvia and Estonia participated. These events provided ground for the future IAO proper.

Positive experience during international olympiads in other natural sciences (Physics, Chemistry, Biology), Mathematics and Informatics led to the idea of starting an International Astronomy Olympiad.

Juridical founding of the International Astronomy Olympiad has been done by Euro-Asian Astronomical Society on June, 7, 1996, as an annual astronomy competition for high-school students. 

Immediately after the founding the Olympic Coordinating Council was established.

The first official IAO was held in the Special Astrophysical Observatory of Russian Academy of Sciences in November 1996 as a part of programme of the Autumn Astronomy School for Young Astrophysists. Notwithstanding some initial difficulties, this olympiad was a great success and it was decided to continue with the IAO. In subsequent olympiads the number of participating states increased.

So the Olympiad of Naukograds and Scientific Centres and Autumn Astronomy School of Young Astrophysists in the Special Astrophysical Observatory may be considered as father and mother of the International Astronomy Olympiad.