Mission to mars : How to Get People There and Back with Nuclear Energy

Mission to Mars: How to Get People There and Back with Nuclear Energy
By:
V. Dostal, K. Gezelius, J. Horng, J. Koser, J. Palaia IV, 
E. Shwageraus, P. Yarsky, and A.C. Kadak

Add and Edited By:

Arip Nurahman

Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics
Indonesian University of Education


&


Follower Open Course Ware at MIT-Harvard University, Cambridge. USA.

Abstract

The goal of the design project was to develop supporting nuclear technologies for a near-term manned mission to Mars. Through the application of different nuclear technologies in a series of precursory missions, the reactor and propulsion technologies necessary for a manned mission to Mars are demonstrated before humans are committedto the trip.

As part of the project, the NASA design reference mission was adapted to make use of highly efficient, low mass, nuclear power systems and electric propulsion systems. A scalable space fission reactor and power conversion unit was developed for near-term deployment. A long-life, slow response surface fission reactor was also developed for use with in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) plants on the Martian surface.

The space power system is capable of producing up to 4 MW of DC electric power for a full- powcr lifetime of 570 days. For a VASIMR engine, 570 full power days (FPD) is equivalent to 3 round trips between Earth and Mars. The molten salt cooled fast reactor (MSFR) core is very compact, and the working fluid reaches very high temperature.

The surface powcr system produces an average of 200 kWe for more than 25 effective full powcr years (EFPY). This targeted full powcr lifetime was chosen to reduce the cost of future Mars missions by allowing for long-term infrastructure to be deployed on the surface. The surfacc system is a CO2 cooled epithermalconversion reactor (CECR) that is designedfor simple control mechanisms, long full powcr life, and ease of remote operation.

http://stuff.mit.edu/afs/athena/course/22/22.33/OldFiles/www/22.33.pdf

Aerospace Dynamics

Oleh:
Arip Nurahman
Department of Physics
Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Indonesia University of Education

and

Follower Open Course Ware at Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, USA
Department of Physics
http://web.mit.edu/physics/
http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Physics/index.htm
&
Aeronautics and Astronautics Engineering
http://web.mit.edu/aeroastro/www/
http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Aeronautics-and-Astronautics/index.htm

 

 

Staff

Instructors:
Prof. Jonathan How
Prof. John Deyst

Course Meeting Times

Lectures:
Two sessions / week
1.5 hours / session

Level

Undergraduate

• Course Home
• Syllabus
• Calendar
• Lecture Notes
• Assignments
• Exams
• Download Course Materials

16.61 Aerospace Dynamics

Spring 2003

A gyroscope, adapted from Lecture 14. (Image courtesy of MIT OCW.)

Course Highlights

This course on Aerospace Dynamics includes a complete set of lecture notes and assignments, as well as an extensive reference reading list. Topics extend to analysis of both aircraft flight dynamics and spacecraft attitude dynamics, based upon presented principles and equations of motion.

Course Description

This undergraduate course builds upon the dynamics content of Unified Engineering, a sophomore course taught in the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at MIT. Vector kinematics are applied to translation and rotation of rigid bodies. Newtonian and Lagrangian methods are used to formulate and solve equations of motion. Additional numerical methods are presented for solving rigid body dynamics problems. Examples and problems describe applications to aircraft flight dynamics and spacecraft attitude dynamics.

Syllabus

Instructors

Prof. Jonathan P. How
Prof. John Deyst

Course Objectives

1. 
   
   
   
   Review of the basic Newtonian dynamics
   • 
     
     
     
     Focus on 3D motion
   • 
     
     
     
     Gyroscopic and rotational dynamics
   • 
     
     
     
     Formal approaches for handling coordinate transformations
     
     
2. 
   
   
   
   Lagrangian formulation of the equations of motion
3. 
   
   
   
   Analysis of aircraft flight dynamics and stability
4. 
   
   
   
   Analysis of spacecraft attitude dynamics

Administrative

1. Review of Newtonian dynamics ≈ 6 lectures
2. Lagrangian dynamics ≈ 6 lectures
3. Rigid body motions in 3D ≈ 6 lectures
4. Aircraft/spacecraft dynamics ≈ 6 lectures
   
   
   
   • Midterm exam #1 in class (1 hour) after Lecture 6 (15%)
   • Midterm exam #2 in class (1 hour) after Lecture 14 (20%)
   • Final exam at the end of the semester (30%)
   • Homework - Out Thursdays, due following Thursday at beginning of class (35%)
     Hand-in in class or drop-off at my office. Collaboration: You can discuss problems
     with others, but you are expected to write up and hand in your own work.
   • You will definitely need access to MATLAB^®

Textbooks

None required. Lecture notes will be handed out in class. But various books available for reference are:

1. 
   
   
   
   Meriam and Kraige. Engineering Mechanics - Dynamics. Wiley, 2001.
2. 
   
   
   
   Hibbeler. Engineering Mechanics - Statics and Dynamics. Prentice Hall.
3. 
   
   
   
   Beer and Johnston. Vector Mechanics for Engineers. McGraw-Hill.
4. 
   
   
   
   Greenwood. Principles of Dynamics. 2nd ed. Prentice Hall [RB dynamics].
5. 
   
   
   
   Williams, Jr. Fundamentals of Applied Dynamics. Wiley, 1996.
6. 
   
   
   
   Baruh. Analytical Dynamics. McGraw Hill [fairly advanced].
7. 
   
   
   
   Wells. Schaum's Outline of Lagrangian Dynamics. McGraw-Hill, 1967.
8. 
   
   
   
   Goldstein. Classical Mechanics. 2nd ed. Addison Wesley [very advanced].

Learning Objectives for Students Graduating from 16.61 will be Able to:

1. 
   
   
   
   Use methods of vector kinematics to analyze the translation and rotation of rigid bodies - and explain with appropriate visualizations.
2. 
   
   
   
   Identify appropriate coordinate frames and calculate the transformations between them.
3. 
   
   
   
   Formulate and solve for the equations of motion using both the Newtonian and Lagrangian formulations.
4. 
   
   
   
   Use the basic equations of motion to calculate the fundamental flight modes of an aircraft.
5. 
   
   
   
   Use the basic equations of motion to calculate the attitude motions of a low Earth orbit spacecraft.

Measurable Outcomes for Students Graduating from 16.61 will be Able to:

1. 
   
   
   
   Derive the equations of motion in accelerating and rotating frames.
2. 
   
   
   
   Solve for the equations of motion using both the Newtonian and Lagrangian formulations.
3. 
   
   
   
   Simulate and predict complex dynamic behavior of vehicles such as projectiles, aircraft, and spacecraft.
4. 
   
   
   
   Use MATLAB^® as a tool for matrix manipulations and dynamic simulation.
5. 
   
   
   
   Linearize the 6DOF motions associated with most dynamic behavior to establish the basic modes of the motion.

MATLAB^® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc.

Exams

This course included three exams. The first two exams were administered during the semester, and the final took place during the week immediately following the end of classes. The first two exams, and the solution to the first, are included here.

Midterm Exam #1 (PDF)
Midterm Exam #1 Solutions (PDF)
Midterm Exam #2 (PDF)

Assignments

This section includes a complete set of assignments for the course. Problem sets were assigned approximately once every week, and were typically due one week later. Graded problem sets were returned to students after another week. Performance on problem sets comprised 35% of a student's final grade.

Assignment #1 (PDF)
Assignment #2 (PDF)
Assignment #3 (PDF)
Assignment #4 (PDF)
Assignment #5 (PDF)
Assignment #6 (PDF)
Assignment #7 (PDF)
Assignment #8 (PDF)
Assignment #9 (PDF)
Assignment #10 (PDF)

Calendar

This calendar incorporates the lecture schedule and the assignment schedule. Some lecture topics may have required more than one class session to cover.

	LEC #				TOPICS				ASSIGNMENTS
	1				Aerospace Dynamics
	2				Coriolis "Demystified"				HW1 Issued
	3				Dynamics
	4				Introduction to Multiple Intermediate Frames				HW1 Due HW2 Issued
	5				Momentum, Angular Momentum, and Dynamics of a System of Particles				HW2 Due HW3 Issued
	6				Numerical Solution of Nonlinear Differential Equations				HW3 Due
					Midterm Exam #1
	7				Lagrange's Equations
	8				Examples Using Lagrange's Equations Handout: Examples (from Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Mechanics by M. G. Calkin. River Edge, NJ: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., 1999.)				HW4 Issued
	9				Virtual Work and the Derivation of Lagrange's Equations
					Virtual Work and the Derivation of Lagrange's Equations (Continued)				HW4 Due HW5 Issued
	10				Friction in Lagrange's Equations
					Friction in Lagrange's Equations (Continued)				HW5 Due HW6 Issued
	11				Kinematics of Rigid Bodies
	12				Rigid Body Dynamics				HW6 Due HW7 Issued
	13				Axisymmetric Rotations
	14				Gyroscopes				HW7 Due HW8 Issued
					Gyroscopes (Continued)				HW8 Due
					Midterm Exam #2				HW9 Issued
	15				Spacecraft Attitude Dynamics
					Spacecraft Attitude Dynamics (Continued)				HW9 Due HW10 Issued
	16				Aircraft Dynamics
	17				Aircraft Longitudinal Dynamics				HW10 Due
	18				Aircraft Lateral Dynamics
					Final Exam

Lecture Notes

These lecture notes were made available to students in the class electronically. Some of these lectures may have required more than one class session to cover.

LEC # TOPICS 1 Aerospace Dynamics (PDF - 1.1 MB) 2 Coriolis "Demystified" (PDF - 2.4 MB) 3 Dynamics (PDF - 1.3 MB) 4 Introduction to Multiple Intermediate Frames (PDF) 5 Momentum, Angular Momentum, and Dynamics of a System of Particles (PDF) 6 Numerical Solution of Nonlinear Differential Equations (PDF - 1.4 MB) 7 Lagrange's Equations (PDF) 8 Examples Using Lagrange's Equations (PDF) 9 Virtual Work and the Derivation of Lagrange's Equations (PDF) 10 Friction in Lagrange's Equations (PDF) 11 Kinematics of Rigid Bodies (PDF - 1.6 MB) 12 Rigid Body Dynamics (PDF - 2.8 MB) 13 Axisymmetric Rotations (PDF - 2.4 MB) 14 Gyroscopes (PDF - 1.2 MB) 15 Spacecraft Attitude Dynamics (PDF - 1.4 MB) 16 Aircraft Dynamics (PDF) 17 Aircraft Longitudinal Dynamics (PDF) 18 Aircraft Lateral Dynamics (PDF - 1.5 MB)

Sumber: MIT Open Course Ware






MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc.



Semoga Bermanfaat dan Terima Kasih

Indonesian Space Sciences & Technology School

Thermal Energy

Added & Edited

By: Arip Nurahman
Department of Physics Education, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics

Indonesia University of Education

and

Follower Open Course Ware at Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, USA
Department of Physics 
http://web.mit.edu/physics/
http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Physics/index.htm
&
Aeronautics and Astronautics Engineering
http://web.mit.edu/aeroastro/www/
http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Aeronautics-and-Astronautics/index.htm

Level:

Undergraduate

Instructors:

Prof. Zoltan Spakovszky
Prof. Edward Greitzer

Course Features
Course Highlights
Course Description

An h-s diagram of a non-ideal Brayton cycle and a simplified gas turbine schematic, from the "Gas Power and Propulsion Cycles" section of the lecture notes. (Image courtesy of MIT OCW.)

Course Features

• Lecture notes
• Assignments (no solutions)
• Exams (no solutions)

Course Highlights

The already-extensive lecture notes for this course have developed markedly in recent years, and now include, in addition to concepts and examples, a set of "muddy points". Through student feedback, the instructors have compiled a list of frequently misunderstood ideas, or "muddy points", and identified and addressed these pitfalls right in the notes.

Course Description

This course is taught in four main parts. The first is a review of fundamental thermodynamic concepts (e.g. energy exchange in propulsion and power processes), and is followed by the second law (e.g. reversibility and irreversibility, lost work). Next are applications of thermodynamics to engineering systems (e.g. propulsion and power cycles, thermo chemistry), and the course concludes with fundamentals of heat transfer (e.g. heat exchange in aerospace devices). 

Lecture Notes

When combined, the lecture notes below form a continuous document. They are divided here for accessibility and ease of use. The sections are numbered independently. The table of contents and index below apply to the complete set of lecture notes. These materials were made available to students online, and formed the basis for class sessions.

SEC # TOPICS Table of Contents and Acknowledgement (PDF) 0 Prelude: Introduction and Review of Unified Engineering Thermodynamics (PDF) 1 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 1a Background to the Second Law of Thermodynamics (PDF) 1b The Second Law of Thermodynamics (PDF) 1c Applications of the Second Law (PDF) 1d Interpretation of Entropy on the Microscopic Scale — The Connection between Randomness and Entropy (PDF) 2 Applications of Thermodynamics to Engineering Systems 2a Gas Power and Propulsion Cycles (PDF) 2b Power Cycles with Two-Phase Media (Vapor Power Cycles) (PDF) 2c Introduction to Thermochemistry (PDF) 3 Fundamentals of Heat Transfer (PDF) 3a Introduction to Conduction Heat Transfer 3b Introduction to Convection Heat Transfer 3c Applications of the Concepts: Heat Exchangers 3d Introduction to Thermal Radiation and Radiation Heat Transfer Index (PDF)

 

 

Sumber:

MIT Open Course Ware