Astro Fisika

Wednesday, 5 August 2009

How Indonesian People Get Nobel Prize in The Future

Central for Research and Development for Winning

Nobel Prize in Physics at Indonesia

Nobel Fisika Indonesia

"for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him"

"Aku belum pernah melihat orang yang menikmati begitu banyak ilmu. Sukacita semata-mata melihat hal-hal dan melakukan sains diisi dia dengan kegembiraan dan kesenangan. Dia memiliki semangat luar biasa untuk hidup. Dia menikmati makanannya, leluconnya, perkelahian dan perselisihan. Namun kenikmatan yang ia miliki untuk ilmu pengetahuan adalah sesuatu yang terpisah. Dalam pengejaran ini seolah-olah egonya menghilang sama sekali di hadapan Alam berkilau. Ya, ia benar-benar hilang dalam keajaiban dan keindahan dari apa yang ia berusaha memahaminya."

(S. Ramaseshan for C.V. Raman)

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930

"for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him"

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman

India
Calcutta University Calcutta, India
b. 1888 d. 1970

Titles, data and places given above refer to the time of the award.
Photos: Copyright © The Nobel Foundation

Nobel Lecture

Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1930

The Molecular Scattering of Light

The Lecture in Text Format
Pdf 38 kB

»
Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 1930

From Nobel Lectures, Physics 1922-1941, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1965

In order to read the text you need Acrobat Reader.

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, FRS

Born	7 November 1888(1888-11-07) Thiruvanaikoil, Tiruchirappalli, Madras Presidency, India
Died	21 November 1970(1970-11-21) (aged 82) Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Nationality	Indian
Fields	Physics
Institutions	Indian Finance Department University of Calcutta Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Indian Institute of Science
Alma mater	University of Madras
Doctoral students	G. N. Ramachandran
Known for	Raman effect
Notable awards	Knight Bachelor (1929) Nobel Prize in Physics (1930) Bharat Ratna (1954) Lenin Peace Prize (1957)
Signature

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, FRS (Tamil: சந்திரசேகர வெங்கடராமன்) (7 November 1888 – 21 November 1970) was an Indian physicist whose work was influential in the growth of science in the world. He was the recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930 for the discovery that when light traverses a transparent material, some of the light that is deflected changes in wavelength. This phenomenon is now called Raman scattering and is the result of the Raman effect.

Career

In 1917, Raman resigned from his government service and took up the newly created Palit Professorship in Physics at the University of Calcutta. At the same time, he continued doing research at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Calcutta, where he became the Honorary Secretary. Raman used to refer to this period as the golden era of his career. Many students gathered around him at the IACS and the University of Calcutta.

Energy level diagram showing the states involved in Raman signal.

On February 28, 1928, through his experiments on the scattering of light, he discovered the Raman effect. It was instantly clear that this discovery was an important one. It gave further proof of the quantum nature of light. Raman spectroscopy came to be based on this phenomenon, and Ernest Rutherford referred to it in his presidential address to the Royal Society in 1929. Raman was president of the 16th session of the Indian Science Congress in 1929. He was conferred a knighthood, and medals and honorary doctorates by various universities. Raman was confident of winning the Nobel Prize in Physics as well, and was disappointed when the Nobel Prize went to Richardson in 1928 and to de Broglie in 1929. He was so confident of winning the prize in 1930 that he booked tickets in July, even though the awards were to be announced in November, and would scan each day's newspaper for announcement of the prize, tossing it away if it did not carry the news. He did eventually win the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him". He was the first Asian and first non-White to receive any Nobel Prize in the sciences. Before him Rabindranath Tagore (also Indian) had received the Nobel Prize for Literature.

C.V Raman & Bhagavantam, discovered the quantum photon spin in 1932, which further confirmed the quantum nature of light. [1]

Raman also worked on the acoustics of musical instruments. He worked out the theory of transverse vibration of bowed strings, on the basis of superposition velocities. He was also the first to investigate the harmonic nature of the sound of the Indian drums such as the tabla and the mridangam.

Raman and his student of mim high school, provided the correct theoretical explanation for the acousto-optic effect (light scattering by sound waves), in a series of articles resulting in the celebrated Raman-Nath theory. Modulators, and switching systems based on this effect have enabled optical communication components based on laser systems.

In 1934, Raman became the assistant director of the Indian Institute of technology in kharagpur, where two years later he continued as a professor of physics. Other investigations carried out by Raman were experimental and theoretical studies on the diffraction of light by acoustic waves of ultrasonic and hypersonic frequencies (published 1934-1942), and those on the effects produced by X-rays on infrared vibrations in crystals exposed to ordinary light.

He also started a company called cv Chemical and Manufacturing Co. Ltd. in 1943 along with Dr. Krishnamurthy. The Company during its 60 year history, established four factories in Southern India. In 1947, he was appointed as the first National Professor by the new government of Independent India.

In 1948, Raman, through studying the spectroscopic behavior of crystals, approached in a new manner fundamental problems of crystal dynamics. He dealt with the structure and properties of diamond, the structure and optical behavior of numerous iridescent substances (labradorite, pearly feldspar, agate, opal, and pearls). Among his other interests were the optics of colloids, electrical and magnetic anisotropy, and the physiology of human vision.

Personal life

Raman retired from the Indian Institute of Science in 1948 and established the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore, Karnataka a year later. He served as its director and remained active there until his death in 1970, in Bangalore, at the age of 82.

He was married on 6 May 1907 to Lokasundari Ammal with whom he had two sons, Chandrasekhar and Radhakrishnan.

C.V. Raman was the paternal uncle of Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, who later won the Nobel Prize in Physics (1983) for his discovery of the Chandrasekhar limit in 1931 and for his subsequent work on the nuclear reactions necessary for stellar evolution.

Notes

^ Sir C. V. Raman (1988). Scientific Papers of C.V. Raman: Acoustics Volume 2. Indian Academy of Sciences. p. ix.
^ "Padma Awards Directory (1954-2007)" (pdf). Ministry of Home Affairs. http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf. Retrieved 26 November 2010.

References

Bhagavantam, S. (November 1971). "Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman. 1888-1970". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society (London: Royal Society) 17: 565–592. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1971.0022. http://www.jstor.org/stable/769720.
"Raman, Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. 2007. http://www.britannica.com/nobelprize/print?articleId=62569&fullArticle=true&tocId=9062569. Retrieved 2007-09-11.

Sunday, 2 August 2009

How Indonesian People Get Nobel Prize in The Future

Central for Research and Development for Winning

Nobel Prize in Physics at Indonesia

Nobel Fisika Indonesia

"Tidak ada alasan mengapa sejarah dan filsafat ilmu tidak harus diajarkan sedemikian rupa untuk membawa pulang ke semua murid kemegahan ilmu pengetahuan dan ruang lingkup penemuan nya."
~P. L. V. P. R. de Broglie~

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1929

"for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons"

Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie

France
Sorbonne University, Institut Henri Poincaré Paris, France
b. 1892 d. 1987

Titles, data and places given above refer to the time of the award.
Photos: Copyright © The Nobel Foundation

Nobel Lecture

Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1929

The Wave Nature of the Electron

The Lecture in Text Format
Pdf 72 kB

»
Copyright © The Nobel Foundation 1929

From Nobel Lectures, Physics 1922-1941, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1965

In order to read the text you need Acrobat Reader.

Louis de Broglie

Born	15 August 1892 Dieppe, France
Died	19 March 1987 (aged 94) Louveciennes, France
Nationality	French
Fields	Physics
Institutions	Sorbonne University of Paris
Alma mater	Sorbonne
Doctoral advisor	Paul Langevin
Doctoral students	Jean-Pierre Vigier Alexandru Proca
Known for	Wave nature of electrons de Broglie wavelength
Notable awards	Nobel Prize in Physics (1929)

Louis-Victor-Pierre-Raymond, 7th duc de Broglie, FRS (English pronunciation: /dəˈbrɔɪ/;French: [də bʁœj] (

listen); 15 August 1892 – 19 March 1987) was a French physicistand a Nobel laureate. He was the sixteenth member elected to occupy seat 1 of theAcadémie française in 1944, and served as Perpetual Secretary of the Académie des sciences, France.

Biography

Louis de Broglie was born to a noble family in Dieppe, Seine-Maritime, younger son ofVictor, 5th duc de Broglie. He became the 7th duc de Broglie upon the death without heir in 1960 of his older brother, Maurice, 6th duc de Broglie, also a physicist. He did not marry. When he died in Louveciennes, he was succeeded as duke by a distant cousin,Victor-François, 8th duc de Broglie.

De Broglie had originally intended a career in humanities, and received his first degree inhistory. Afterwards, though, he turned his attention toward mathematics and physics and received a degree in physics. With the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, he offered his services to the army in the development of radio communications.

His 1924 , Recherches sur la théorie des quanta (Research on the Theory of the Quanta), introduced his theory of electron waves. This included the wave-particle duality theory of matter, based on the work of Max Planck and Albert Einstein on light. The thesis examiners, unsure of the material, passed his thesis to Einstein for evaluation who endorsed his wave-particle duality proposal wholeheartedly; de Broglie was awarded his doctorate. This research culminated in the de Broglie hypothesis stating that any moving particle or object had an associated wave. De Broglie thus created a new field in physics, the mécanique ondulatoire, or wave mechanics, uniting the physics of energy (wave) and matter (particle). For this he won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1929.

In his later career, de Broglie worked to develop a causal explanation of wave mechanics, in opposition to the wholly probabilistic models which dominate quantum mechanical theory; it was refined by David Bohm in the 1950s.

In addition to strictly scientific work, de Broglie thought and wrote about the philosophy of science, including the value of modern scientific discoveries.

De Broglie became a member of the Académie des sciences in 1933, and was the academy's perpetual secretary from 1942. On 12 October 1944, he was elected to the Académie française, replacing mathematician Émile Picard. Because of the deaths and imprisonments of Académie members during the occupation and other effects of the war, the Académie was unable to meet the quorum of twenty members for his election; due to the exceptional circumstances, however, his unanimous election by the seventeen members present was accepted. In an event unique in the history of the Académie, he was received as a member by his own brother Maurice, who had been elected in 1934.UNESCO awarded him the first Kalinga Prize in 1952 for his work in popularizing scientific knowledge, and he was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society on 23 April 1953. In 1961 he received the title of Knight of the Grand Cross in the Légion d'honneur. De Broglie was awarded a post as counselor to the French High Commission of Atomic Energy in 1945 for his efforts to bring industry and science closer together. He established a center for applied mechanics at the Henri Poincaré Institute, where research into optics, cybernetics, and atomic energy were carried out. He inspired the formation of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science and was an early member.

Sumber:

1. Wikipedia

2. Nobel Prize Org.

Ucapan Terima Kasih:

1. DEPDIKNAS Republik Indonesia

2. Kementrian Riset dan Teknologi Indonesia

3. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI)

4. Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia

5. Tim Olimpiade Fisika Indonesia

Disusun Ulang Oleh:

Arip Nurahman

Pendidikan Fisika, FPMIPA, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
&
Follower Open Course Ware at MIT-Harvard University, USA.

Semoga Bermanfaat dan Terima Kasih

Saturday, 1 August 2009

How Indonesian People Get Nobel Prize in The Future

Central for Research and Development for Winning

Nobel Prize in Physics at Indonesia

Nobel Fisika Indonesia

"In any solid metal, there are one or two electrons per atom that are free to move from atom to atom. This is sometimes collectively referred to as a "sea of electrons". Their velocities follow a statistical distribution, rather than being uniform, and occasionally an electron will have enough velocity to exit the metal without being pulled back in. The minimum amount of energy needed for an electron to leave a surface is called the work function. The work function is characteristic of the material and for most metals is on the order of several electronvolts. Thermionic currents can be increased by decreasing the work function. This often-desired goal can be achieved by applying various oxide coatings to the wire."

~Richardson's Law~

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1928

"for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him"

Owen Willans Richardson

United Kingdom
London University London, United Kingdom
b. 1879 d. 1959

Nobel Lecture

Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1929

Thermionic Phenomena and the Laws which Govern Them

The Lecture in Text Format
Pdf 49 kB

From Nobel Lectures, Physics 1922-1941, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1965

In order to read the text you need Acrobat Reader.

Biography

Richardson was born in Dewsbury, Yorkshire, England, the only son of Joshua Henry and Charlotte Maria Richardson. He was educated at Batley Grammar School and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he gained First Class Honours in Natural Sciences.^[2]

Owen Willans Richardson (1934)

After graduating in 1900, he began researching the emission of electricity from hot bodies at theCavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, and in 1902 he was made a fellow at Trinity. In 1901, he demonstrated that the current from a heated wire seemed to depend exponentially on the temperature of the wire with a mathematical form similar to the Arrhenius equation. This became known as Richardson's law: "If then the negative radiation is due to the corpuscles coming out of the metal, the saturation current s should obey the law $s = A\,T^{1/2}\,e^{-b/T}$ ."^[3]

Richardson was professor at Princeton Universityfrom 1906 to 1913, and returned to the UK in 1914 to become Wheatstone Professor of Physics at King's College London, where he was later made director of research. He retired in 1944, and died in 1959.

He also researched the photoelectric effect, the gyromagnetic effect, the emission of electrons by chemical reactions, soft X-rays, and the spectrum of hydrogen.

Richardson married Lilian Wilson, sister of his Cavendish colleague Harold Wilson, in 1906, and had two sons and a daughter. Richardson's own sister married the American physicist (and 1937 Nobel laureate) Clinton Davisson, who was Richardson's PhD student at Princeton. After Lilian's death in 1945, he was remarried in 1948 to Henriette Rupp, a physicist.

Honours

Richardson became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1913, and was awarded its Hughes Medal in 1920. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1928, "for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him".^[4] He was knighted in 1939.

References

^ Nobel Foundation (1928). "Owen Willans Richardson: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1928". Les Prix Nobel. Retrieved 2007-09-17.
^ Richardson, Owen Willans in Venn, J. & J. A., Alumni Cantabrigienses, Cambridge University Press, 10 vols, 1922–1958.
^ Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosopical Society, quoted in
^ Nobel prize citation, Nobel foundation website

Sumber:

1. Wikipedia

2. Nobel Prize Org.

Ucapan Terima Kasih:

1. DEPDIKNAS Republik Indonesia

2. Kementrian Riset dan Teknologi Indonesia

3. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI)

4. Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia

5. Tim Olimpiade Fisika Indonesia

Disusun Ulang Oleh:

Arip Nurahman

Pendidikan Fisika, FPMIPA, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
&
Follower Open Course Ware at MIT-Harvard University, USA.

Semoga Bermanfaat dan Terima Kasih

Inspirations Words

Crescat scientia; Vita Excolatur:
"Let knowledge grow from more to more; and so be human life enriched"

"Leadership is not magnetic personality that can just as well be a glib tongue. It is not making friends and influencing people that is flattery. Leadership is lifting a person's vision to higher sights, the raising of a person's performance to a higher standard, the building of a personality beyond its normal limitations."
~Anonymous~

"Jika Hidup ini seumpama rel kereta api dalam eksperimen relativitas, maka pengalaman demi pengalaman yang mengempur kita dari waktu ke waktu adalah cahaya yang melesat-lesat di dalam gerebong di atas rel itu. Relativitasnya berupa seberapa banyak kita dapat mengambil pelajaran dari pengalaman yang melesat-lesat itu, maka analoginya adalah jika pengalaman yang sama dapat menimpa siapa saja, namun sejauh mana dan secepat apa pengalaman itu memberi pelajaran pada seseorang, hasilnya akan berbeda, relatif satu sama lain."
~Andrea H.~

"Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything new."
~Albert Einstein~

"Scientific thought is the common heritage of mankind"
:Pikiran ilmiah adalah warisan umum umat manusia
~Abdus Salam~

"Pengembaraan Pikiran dan Imajinasi Manusia hendaknya menuntun Kita Kepada Keagungan Yang Maha Kuasa"
~Arip~