Monday, 18 August 2008

Sekolah Ilmu Teknologi Antariksa & Kedirgantaraan Indonesia

Sekolah Sains dan Teknologi Antariksa & Kedirgantaraan Indonesia
SST-AKI

Indonesian Space Sciences Technology School









Vision

"Experiments In The Cosmos, Because Our Laboratory is Universe"

Mission

1. Menjadi Sekolah Teknologi Cyber Keantariksaan dan Kedirgantaraan Terdepan di Indonesia
2. Melahirkan Generasi Impian yang Selalu Bertafakur, Bertadabur dan Bertasayakur terhadap Keseimbangan Semesta yang Telah Tercipta


My Open Course Ware at Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge M.A., USA

Professors, students, and researchers come to MIT from all corners of the globe to explore their passion for air and space travel and to advance the technologies and vehicles that make such travel possible.
We build on our long tradition of scholarship and research to develop and implement reliable, safe, economically feasible, and environmentally responsible air and space travel.
Our industry contributions and collaborations are extensive. We have graduated more astronauts than any other private institution in the world. Nearly one-third of our current research collaborations are with MIT faculty in other departments, and approximately one-half are with non-MIT colleagues in professional practice, government agencies, and other universities. We work closely with scientists and scholars at NASA, Boeing, the U.S. Air Force, Stanford University, Lockheed Martin, and the U.S. Department of Transportation.
Our educational programs are organized around three overlapping areas:
Aerospace information engineering
Focuses on real-time, safety-critical systems with humans-in-the-loop. Core disciplines include autonomy, software, communications, networks, controls, and human-machine and human-software interaction.
Aerospace systems engineering
Explores the central processes in the creation, implementation, and operation of complex socio-technical engineering systems. Core disciplines include system architecture and engineering, simulation and modeling, safety and risk management, policy, economics, and organizational behavior.
Aerospace vehicles engineering
Addresses the engineering of air and space vehicles, their propulsion systems, and their subsystems. Core disciplines include fluid and solid mechanics, thermodynamics, acoustics, combustion, controls, computation, design, and simulation.

Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics links

Visit the MIT Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics home page at:
http://web.mit.edu/aeroastro/www/
Review the MIT Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics curriculum at:
http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/web/resources/curriculum/index.htm#16
Learn more about MIT Engineering:
http://engineering.mit.edu/

Some of the elements of aerospace engineering are:
  • Fluid mechanics - the study of fluid flow around objects. Specifically aerodynamics concerning the flow of air over bodies such as wings or through objects such as wind tunnels (see also lift and aeronautics).
  • Astrodynamics - the study of orbital mechanics including prediction of orbital elements when given a select few variables. While few schools in the United States teach this at the undergraduate level, several have graduate programs covering this topic (usually in conjunction with the Physics department of said college or university).
  • Statics and Dynamics (engineering mechanics) - the study of movement, forces, moments in mechanical systems.
  • Mathematics - because aerospace engineering heavily involves mathematics.
  • Electrotechnology - the study of electronics within engineering.
  • Propulsion - the energy to move a vehicle through the air (or in outer space) is provided by internal combustion engines, jet engines and turbomachinery, or rockets (see also propeller and spacecraft propulsion). A more recent addition to this module is electric propulsion and ion propulsion.
  • Control engineering - the study of mathematical modeling of the dynamic behavior of systems and designing them, usually using feedback signals, so that their dynamic behavior is desirable (stable, without large excursions, with minimum error). This applies to the dynamic behavior of aircraft, spacecraft, propulsion systems, and subsystems that exist on aerospace vehicles.
  • Aircraft structures - design of the physical configuration of the craft to withstand the forces encountered during flight. Aerospace engineering aims to keep structures lightweight.
  • Materials science - related to structures, aerospace engineering also studies the materials of which the aerospace structures are to be built. New materials with very specific properties are invented, or existing ones are modified to improve their performance.
  • Solid mechanics - Closely related to material science is solid mechanics which deals with stress and strain analysis of the components of the vehicle. Nowadays there are several Finite Element programs such as MSC Patran/Nastran which aid engineers in the analytical process.
  • Aeroelasticity - the interaction of aerodynamic forces and structural flexibility, potentially causing flutter, divergence, etc.
  • Avionics - the design and programming of computer systems on board an aircraft or spacecraft and the simulation of systems.
  • Risk and reliability - the study of risk and reliability assessment techniques and the mathematics involved in the quantitative methods.
  • Noise control - the study of the mechanics of sound transfer.
  • Flight test - designing and executing flight test programs in order to gather and analyze performance and handling qualities data in order to determine if an aircraft meets its design and performance goals and certification requirements.
The basis of most of these elements lies in theoretical mathematics, such as fluid dynamics for aerodynamics or the equations of motion for flight dynamics. However, there is also a large empirical component. Historically, this empirical component was derived from testing of scale models and prototypes, either in wind tunnels or in the free atmosphere. More recently, advances in computing have enabled the use of computational fluid dynamics to simulate the behavior of fluid, reducing time and expense spent on wind-tunnel testing.
Additionally, aerospace engineering addresses the integration of all components that constitute an aerospace vehicle (subsystems including power, aerospace bearings, communications, thermal control, life support, etc.) and its life cycle (design, temperature, pressure, radiation, velocity, life time).

Aerospace engineering degrees

See also: List of aerospace engineering schools
Aerospace (or aeronautical) engineering can be studied at the advanced diploma, bachelor's, master's, and Ph.D. levels in aerospace engineering departments at many universities, and in mechanical engineering departments at others. A few departments offer degrees in space-focused astronautical engineering. The programs of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Rutgers University are two such examples. U.S. News & World Report ranks the aerospace engineering programs at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology, and the University of Michigan within the top three best programs for doctorate granting universities. However, other top programs within the ten best in the United States include those of Stanford University, Texas A&M University, the University of Texas at Austin, Purdue University and the University of Illinois.[11] The magazine also rates Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, and United States Air Force Academy as the premier aerospace engineering programs at universities that do not grant doctorate degrees.
In the UK, Aerospace (or aeronautical) engineering can be studied for the B.Eng., M.Eng.,MSc. and Ph.D. levels at a number of universities. The top universities include University of Cambridge, Imperial College London, University of Sheffield, University of Glasgow, Cranfield University, University of Bristol, University of Bath, University of Manchester and the University of Southampton . Particularly the Department of Aeronautics at Imperial College London is famous for providing engineers for the Formula One industry, an industry that uses aerospace technology.

See also



Graduate Courses

Course Title Term
1. Compressible Flow Spring 2003
2. Aerodynamics of Viscous Fluids Fall 2003
3. Computational Mechanics of Materials Fall 2003
4. Plates and Shells Spring 2007
5. Feedback Control Systems Fall 2007
6. Stochastic Estimation and Control Fall 2004
7. Principles of Optimal Control Spring 2008
8. Aircraft Stability and Control Fall 2004
9. Dynamics of Nonlinear Systems Fall 2003
10. Astrodynamics Fall 2008
11. Software Engineering Concepts Fall 2005
12. System Safety Spring 2005
13. Data Communication Networks Fall 2002
14. Infinite Random Matrix Theory Fall 2004
15. Random Matrix Theory and Its Applications Spring 2004
16. Principles of Autonomy and Decision Making Fall 2005
17. Cognitive Robotics Spring 2005
18. Principles of Autonomy and Decision Making Fall 2005
19. Human Supervisory Control of Automated Systems Spring 2004
20. Aerospace Biomedical and Life Support Engineering Spring 2006
21. Biomedical Signal and Image Processing Spring 2007
22. Rocket Propulsion Fall 2005
23. Space Propulsion Spring 2004
24. Internal Flows in Turbomachines Spring 2006
25. Introduction to Lean Six Sigma Methods January (IAP) 2008
26. Air Traffic Control Fall 2006
27. Airline Management Spring 2006
28. Logistical and Transportation Planning Methods Fall 2004
29. Logistical and Transportation Planning Methods Fall 2006
30. Airline Schedule Planning Spring 2003
31. Satellite Engineering Fall 2003
32. Integrating the Lean Enterprise Fall 2005
33. Introduction to Lean Six Sigma Methods January (IAP) 2008
34. Engineering Systems Analysis for Design Fall 2008
35. Engineering Risk-Benefit Analysis Spring 2007
36. System Safety Spring 2005
37. Robust System Design Summer 1998
38. Aircraft Systems Engineering Fall 2004
40. Aircraft Systems Engineering Fall 2005
41. Air Transportation Systems Architecting Spring 2004
42. Multidisciplinary System Design Optimization Spring 2004
43. Space Policy Seminar Spring 2003
44. Space System Architecture and Design Fall 2004
45. Engineering Apollo: The Moon Project as a Complex System Spring 2007
46. Space Systems Engineering Spring 2007
47. Introduction to Numerical Simulation (SMA 5211) Fall 2003
48. Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations (SMA 5212) Spring 2003
49. Computational Geometry Spring 2003
50. Proseminar in Manufacturing Fall 2005

  • Collaborative Writing and Project with International Students Over the World
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Educational Resources from ITB
Bahan-bahan kuliah di bawah ini sebagian besar didanai dari proyek hibah PHK-A2. Silakan diakses.

Silakan dimanfaatkan beberapa taut berikut yang juga disusun oleh staf:
Computational Astronomy

Arsip kuliah

  1. Sistem bilangan dan galat (bagian 1, bagian 2, bagian 3, bagian 4)
  2. Akar persamaan tak linear (download)
  3. Sistem persamaan linear (download)
  4. Interpolasi (bagian 1, bagian 2, bagian 3)
  5. Regresi dan pencocokan kurva (bagian 1, bagian 2)
  6. Integrasi numerik (download)
  7. Solusi numerik persamaan diferensial (download)
Arsip kuliah tambahan (© 1999, Stuart Dalziel, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physiscs, University of Cambridge)

Arsip ujian

  1. UTS
  2. UAS
Copyright © 2008 Institut Teknologi Bandung


Banjar Astro Physics Association (Kembali Ke Rumah Home)


Administrator:
Arip Nurahman & Anton Timur Jaelani


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Sunday, 17 August 2008

Indonesia Space Flight Society



Indonesia Space Flight Society
~Masyarkat Penerbangan Luar Angkasa Indonesia~

Add & Edited By:

Arip Nurahman & Dian Hadiana (IT Telkom, CEO. Seneby Corp.)

Department of Physics,
Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics
Indonesia University of Education
and
Follower Open Course Ware at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge.
USA














Spaceflight is the use of space technology to fly a spacecraft into and through outer space. Spaceflight is used in space exploration, and also in commercial activities like space tourism and satellite telecommunications. Additional non-commercial uses of spaceflight include space observatories, reconnaissance satellites and other earth observation satellites.
A spaceflight typically begins with a rocket launch, which provides the initial thrust to overcome the force of gravity and propels the spacecraft from the surface of the Earth. Once in space, the motion of a spacecraft both when unpropelled and when under propulsion is covered by the area of study called astrodynamics. Some spacecraft remain in space indefinitely, some disintegrate during atmospheric reentry, and others reach a planetary or lunar surface for landing or impact.

Contents


History

Main article: History of spaceflight
See also: Timeline of spaceflight

The realistic proposal of space travel goes back to Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. His most famous work, "Исследование мировых пространств реактивными приборами" (The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices), was published in 1903, but this theoretical work was not widely influential outside of Russia.
Spaceflight became an engineering possibility with the work of Robert H. Goddard's publication in 1919 of his paper 'A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes'; where his application of the de Laval nozzle to liquid fuel rockets gave sufficient power that interplanetary travel became possible. This paper was highly influential on Hermann Oberth and Wernher Von Braun, later key players in spaceflight.
The first rocket to reach space was a prototype of the German V-2 Rocket, on a test flight on October 3, 1942, although sub-orbital flight is not considered a spaceflight in Russia. On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, which became the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth. The first human spaceflight was Vostok 1 on April 12, 1961, aboard which Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin made one orbit around the Earth.
Rockets remain the only currently practical means of reaching space. Other non-rocket spacelaunch technologies such as scramjets still fall far short of orbital speed.

Earth-launched spaceflight


Reaching space

Proton Rocket heading for space

Proton Rocket heading for space
The most commonly used definition of outer space is everything beyond the Kármán line, which is 100 kilometers (62 mi) above the Earth's surface. (The United States sometimes defines outer space as everything beyond 50 miles (80 km) in altitude.)
In order for a projectile to reach outer space from the surface, it needs a minimum delta-v. This velocity is much lower than escape velocity.
It is possible, indeed routine, for a spacecraft to leave a celestial body without reaching the surface escape velocity of a body by propelling itself after take-off. However, it is more fuel-efficient for a craft to burn its fuel close to the ground as possible, keeping escape velocity a consideration.

Sub-orbital spaceflight

Main article: Sub-orbital spaceflight
On a sub-orbital spaceflight the spacecraft reaches space, but does not achieve orbit. Instead, its trajectory brings it back to the surface of the Earth. Suborbital flights can last many hours. Pioneer 1 was NASA's first space probe intended to reach the Moon. A partial failure caused it to instead follow a suborbital trajectory to an altitude of 113,854 kilometers (70,746 mi) before reentering the Earth's atmosphere 43 hours after launch.
On May 17, 2004, Civilian Space eXploration Team launched the GoFast Rocket on a suborbital flight, the first amateur spaceflight. On June 21, 2004, SpaceShipOne was used for the first privately-funded human spaceflight.

Orbital spaceflight

Main article: Orbital spaceflight
A minimal orbital spaceflight requires much higher velocities than a minimal sub-orbital flight, and so it is technologically much more challenging to achieve. To achieve orbital spaceflight, the tangential velocity around the Earth is as important as altitude. In order to perform a stable and lasting flight in space, the spacecraft must reach the minimal orbital speed required for a closed orbit.

Leaving orbit

Main article: Escape velocity
See also: Direct ascent
Achieving a closed orbit is not essential to interplanetary voyages, for which spacecraft need to reach escape velocity. Early Russian space vehicles successfully achieved very high altitudes without going into orbit. In its early Apollo mission planning NASA considered using a direct ascent to the moon, but abandoned that idea later due to weight considerations. Many robotic space probes to the outer planets use direct ascent -- they do not orbit the earth before departing.
It is possible, indeed routine, for a spacecraft to leave a celestial body without reaching the surface escape velocity of a body by propelling itself after take-off. However, it is more fuel-efficient for a craft to burn its fuel close to the ground as possible, keeping escape velocity a consideration.
Plans for future crewed interplantary spaceflight missions often include final vehicle assembly in Earth orbit, such as NASA's Project Orion and Russia's Kliper/Parom tandem.

Other ways of reaching space

Main article: Non-rocket spacelaunch
Many ways other than rockets to reach space have been proposed. Ideas such as the Space Elevator, while elegant are currently infeasible; whereas electromagnetic launchers such as launch loops have no known show stoppers. Other ideas include rocket assisted jet planes such as Skylon or the trickier scramjets. Gun launch has been proposed for cargo, but this would incinerate the cargo due to air friction.

Launch pads and spaceports, takeoff

Main article: Launch pad
Saturn V on the launch pad before the launch of Apollo 4

Saturn V on the launch pad before the launch of Apollo 4
A launch pad is a fixed structure designed to dispatch airborne vehicles. It generally consists of a launch tower and flame trench. It is surrounded by equipment used to erect, fuel, and maintain launch vehicles. A spaceport, by way of contrast, is designed to facilitate winged launch vehicles and uses a long runway. Both spaceport and launch pads are situated well away from human habitation for noise and safety reasons.
A launch is often restricted to certain launch windows. These windows depend upon the position of celestial bodies and orbits relative to the launch site. The biggest influence is often the rotation of the Earth itself. Once launched, orbits are normally located within relatively constant flat planes at a fixed angle to the axis of the Earth, and the Earth rotates within this orbit.

Reentry and landing/splashdown


Reentry

Main article: Atmospheric reentry
Vehicles in orbit have large amounts of kinetic energy. This energy must be discarded if the vehicle is to land safely without vaporizing in the atmosphere. Typically this process requires special methods to protect against aerodynamic heating. The theory behind reentry is due to Harry Julian Allen. Based on this theory, reentry vehicles present blunt shapes to the atmosphere for reentry. Blunt shapes mean that less than 1% of the kinetic energy ends up as heat that reaches the vehicle and the heat energy instead ends up in the atmosphere.

Landing

Main article: Splashdown (spacecraft landing)
Recovery of Discoverer 14 return capsule

Recovery of Discoverer 14 return capsule

The Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo capsules all landed in the sea. These capsules were designed to land at relatively slow speeds. Russian capsules for Soyuz make use of braking rockets as were designed to touch down on land. The Space Shuttle glides into a touchdown at high speed.

Recovery

After a successful landing the spacecraft, its occupants and cargo can be recovered. In some cases, recovery has occurred before landing: while a spacecraft is still descending on its parachute, it can be snagged by a specially designed aircraft. This mid-air retrieval technique was used to recover the film canisters from the Corona spy satellites.

Expendable launch systems

Main article: Expendable launch system
All current spaceflight except NASA's Space Shuttle and the SpaceX Falcon 1 use multi-stage expendable launch systems to reach space.

Reusable launch systems

Main article: Reusable launch system
The Space Shuttle Columbia seconds after engine ignition

The Space Shuttle Columbia seconds after engine ignition
The first reusable spacecraft, the X-15, was air-launched on a suborbital trajectory on July 19, 1963. The first partially reusable orbital spacecraft, the Space Shuttle, was launched by the USA on the 20th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin's flight, on April 12, 1981. During the Shuttle era, six orbiters were built, all of which have flown in the atmosphere and five of which have flown in space. The Enterprise was used only for approach and landing tests, launching from the back of a Boeing 747 and gliding to deadstick landings at Edwards AFB, California. The first Space Shuttle to fly into space was the Columbia, followed by the Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, and Endeavour. The Endeavour was built to replace the Challenger when it was lost in January 1986. The Columbia broke up during reentry in February 2003.
The first (and so far only) automatic partially reusable spacecraft was the Buran (Snowstorm), launched by the USSR on November 15, 1988, although it made only one flight. This spaceplane was designed for a crew and strongly resembled the U. S. Space Shuttle, although its drop-off boosters used liquid propellants and its main engines were located at the base of what would be the external tank in the American Shuttle. Lack of funding, complicated by the dissolution of the USSR, prevented any further flights of Buran.
Per the Vision for Space Exploration, the Space Shuttle is due to be retired in 2010 due mainly to its old age and high cost of the program reaching over a billion dollars per flight. The Shuttle's human transport role is to be replaced by the partially reusable Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) no later than 2014. The Shuttle's heavy cargo transport role is to be replaced by expendable rockets such as the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) or a Shuttle Derived Launch Vehicle.
Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne was a reusable suborbital spaceplane that carried pilots Mike Melvill and Brian Binnie on consecutive flights in 2004 to win the Ansari X Prize. The Spaceship Company will build its successor SpaceShipTwo. A fleet of SpaceShipTwos operated by Virgin Galactic should begin reusable private spaceflight carrying paying passengers in 2008 .

See also


References

  1. ^ Escape Velocity of Earth
  2. ^ Escape Velocity of Earth
  3. ^ "Unmanned rocket explodes after liftoff". CNN.
  4. ^ Space Weather: A Research Perspective, National Academy of Science, 1997
  5. ^ Apollo Expeditions to the Moon: Chapter 10
  6. ^ Vostok 1
  7. ^ "Breathing Easy on the Space Station". NASA.
  8. ^ "Spacecraft escaping the Solar System". Heavens-Above GmbH.

External links


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Perbaikan:

Ke-1: 23-11-2009
Ke-2: 12-06-2013

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Sunday, 10 August 2008

Space Math VI Educator Guide

Audience: Educators
Grades: 5-12


These activities comprise a series of 110 practical mathematics applications in space science. This collection of activities is based on a weekly series of problems distributed to teachers during the 2009-2010 school year. The problems in this booklet investigate science phenomena and mathematics applications such as molecules, the Keeling Curve, solar irradiance, fractions, percentages, solving for x, geometry and trigonometry. The problems are authentic glimpses of modern science and engineering issues, often involving actual research data. Each word problem includes background information. The one-page assignments are accompanied by one-page teachers answer keys.

Space Math VI  [11MB PDF file]

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