Astro Fisika: How Indonesian People Get Nobel Prize in The Future

Monday 21 September 2009

How Indonesian People Get Nobel Prize in The Future

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Nobel Prize in Physics at Indonesia

Nobel Fisika Indonesia

Clinton Joseph Davisson

George Paget Thomson

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1937 was awarded jointly to Clinton Joseph Davisson and George Paget Thomson "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals"

Clinton Joseph Davisson
Davisson
Born	October 22, 1881(1881-10-22) Bloomington, Illinois, USA
Died	February 1, 1958(1958-02-01) (aged 76) Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
Nationality	United States
Fields	Physics
Institutions	Princeton University Carnegie Institute of Technology Bell Labs
Alma mater	University of Chicago Princeton University
Doctoral advisor	Owen Richardson
Known for	Electron diffraction
Influenced	Joseph A. Becker William Shockley
Notable awards	Comstock Prize in Physics (1928)^[1] Elliott Cresson Medal (1931) Nobel Prize in Physics (1937)

Clinton Joseph Davisson (October 22, 1881 – February 1, 1958), was an American physicist who won the 1937 Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of electron diffraction. Davisson shared the Nobel Prize with George Paget Thomson, who independently discovered electron diffraction at about the same time as Davisson.

Biography

Early years

Davisson was born in Bloomington, Illinois. He graduated from Bloomington High School in 1902, and entered the University of Chicago on scholarship. Upon the recommendation of Robert A. Millikan, in 1905 Davisson was hired by Princeton University as Instructor of Physics. He completed the requirements for his B.S. degree from Chicago in 1908, mainly by working in the summers. While teaching at Princeton, he did doctoral thesis research with Owen Richardson. He received his Ph.D. in physics from Princeton in 1911; in the same year he married Richardson's sister, Charlotte.^[2]^[3]

Career

Davisson was then appointed as an assistant professor at the Carnegie Institute of Technology. In 1917 he took a leave from the Carnegie Institute to do war-related research with the Engineering Department of the Western Electric Company (later Bell Telephone Laboratories). At the end of the war, Davisson accepted a permanent position at Western Electric after receiving assurances of his freedom there to do basic research. He had found that his teaching responsibilities at the Carnegie Institute largely precluded him from doing research.^[2] Davisson remained at Western Electric (and Bell Telephone) until his formal retirement in 1946. He then accepted a research professor appointment at the University of Virginia that continued until his second retirement in 1954.^[2]

Electron Diffraction and the Davisson-Germer Experiment

Diffraction is a characteristic effect when a wave is incident upon an aperture or a grating, and is closely associated with the meaning of wave motion itself. In the 19th Century, diffraction was well established for light and for ripples on the surfaces of fluids. In 1927, while working for Bell Labs, Davisson and Lester Germer performed an experiment showing that electrons were diffracted at the surface of a crystal of nickel. This celebrated Davisson-Germer experiment confirmed the de Broglie hypothesis that particles of matter have a wave-like nature, which is a central tenet of quantum mechanics. In particular, their observation of diffraction allowed the first measurement of a wavelength for electrons. The measured wavelength

λ

agreed well with de Broglie's equation

λ = h / p

, where

h

is Planck's constant and

p

is the electron's momentum.^[4]

Sir George Paget Thomson

Born	3 May 1892(1892-05-03) Cambridge, England
Died	10 September 1975(1975-09-10) (aged 83) Cambridge, England
Nationality	United Kingdom
Fields	Physics
Institutions	University of Aberdeen University of Cambridge Imperial College London
Alma mater	University of Cambridge
Doctoral advisor	John Strutt (Rayleigh)
Doctoral students	Ishrat Hussain Usmani
Known for	Electron diffraction
Notable awards	Howard N. Potts Medal (1932) Nobel Prize in Physics (1937)

Sir George Paget Thomson, FRS (3 May 1892 – 10 September 1975) was an English physicist and Nobel laureate in physics recognised for his discovery with Clinton Davisson of the wave properties of the electron by electron diffraction.

Biography

Thomson was born in Cambridge, England, the son of physicist and Nobel laureate J. J. Thomson and Rose Elisabeth Paget, the daughter of the professor of medicine at the University of Cambridge. Thomson went to The Perse School, Cambridge before going onto read mathematics and physics at Trinity College, Cambridge, until the outbreak of World War I in 1914, when he was commissioned into the Queen's Royal West Surrey Regiment. After brief service in France, he worked on aerodynamics at Farnborough and elsewhere. He resigned his commission as a Captain in 1920.

In 1924, Thomson married Kathleen Buchanan Smith, daughter of the Very Rev. Sir George Adam Smith. They had four children, two sons and two daughters. Kathleen died in 1941.

Career

After briefly serving in the First World War Thomson became a Fellow at Cambridge and then moved to the University of Aberdeen. George Thomson was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1937 for his work in Aberdeen in discovering the wave-like properties of the electron. The prize was shared with Clinton Joseph Davisson who had made the same discovery independently. Whereas his father had seen the electron as a particle (and won his Nobel Prize in the process), Thomson demonstrated that it could be diffracted like a wave, a discovery proving the principle of wave-particle duality which had first been posited by Louis-Victor de Broglie in the 1920s as what is often dubbed the de Broglie hypothesis.

In 1930 he was appointed Professor at Imperial College in the chair of the late Hugh Longbourne Callendar. In the late 1930s and during the Second World War Thomson specialised in nuclear physics, concentrating on practical military applications. In particular Thomson was the chairman of the crucial MAUD Committee in 1940–1941 that concluded that an atomic bomb was feasible. In later life he continued this work on nuclear energy but also wrote works on aerodynamics and the value of science in society.

Thomson stayed at Imperial College until 1952, when he became Master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. In 1964, the college honoured his tenure with the George Thomson Building, an outstanding work of modernist architecture on the college's Leckhampton campus.

Thomson was knighted in 1943.

Sumber:

1. Wikipedia

2. Nobel Prize Org.

Ucapan Terima Kasih:

1. DEPDIKNAS Republik Indonesia

2. Kementrian Riset dan Teknologi Indonesia

3. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI)

4. Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia

5. Tim Olimpiade Fisika Indonesia

Disusun Ulang Oleh:

Arip Nurahman

Pendidikan Fisika, FPMIPA, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
&
Follower Open Course Ware at MIT-Harvard University, USA.