Microfabrication is the term that describes processes of fabrication of miniature structures, of micrometre sizes and smaller. Historically the earliest microfabrication processes were used for integrated circuit fabrication, also known as "semiconductor manufacturing" or "semiconductor device fabrication". In the last two decades microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), microsystems (European usage), micromachines
(Japanese terminology) and their subfields,
microfluidics/lab-on-a-chip, optical MEMS (also called MOEMS), RF MEMS,
PowerMEMS, BioMEMS and their extension into nanoscale (for example NEMS,
for nano electro mechanical systems) have re-used, adapted or extended
microfabrication methods. Flat-panel displays and solar cells are also
using similar techniques.
Miniaturization of various devices presents challenges in many areas of science and engineering: physics, chemistry, material science, computer science,
ultra-precision engineering, fabrication processes, and equipment
design. It is also giving rise to various kinds of interdisciplinary
research. The major concepts and principles of microfabrication are microlithography, doping, thin films, etching, bonding, and polishing.
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