F35 MMC: Multi-Mission Capability

Multi-Mission Capability for Emerging Global Threats

Avionics

• Northrop Grumman Electronic Systems AN/APG-81 AESA radar
• Lockheed Martin AAQ-40 E/O Targeting System (EOTS)
• Northrop Grumman Electronic Systems AN/AAQ-37 Distributed Aperture System (DAS) missile warning system
• BAE Systems AN/ASQ-239 (Barracuda) electronic warfare system
• Harris Corporation Multifunction Advanced Data Link (MADL) communication system

• Bombs:
  
  • Mark 84, Mark 83 and Mark 82 GP bombs
  • Mk.20 Rockeye II cluster bomb
  • Wind Corrected Munitions Dispenser capable
  • Paveway series laser-guided bombs
  • Small Diameter Bomb (SDB)
  • JDAM series
  • B61 nuclear bomb
  • AGM-154 JSOW

Air-to-surface 

The F-35's low observable stealth allows it to safely enter areas without being seen by radars that 4th generation fighters cannot evade. The combination of the stealth features, the F-35’s active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar technology, and the aircraft’s ability to carry weapons internally means the F-35 can engage ground targets at long ranges without detection and use precision weapons to successfully complete air-to-ground missions. In this configuration, the F-35 will enter the battlespace first, clearing the way for legacy coalition forces.

Air-to-air 

Integrated sensors, information and weapons systems combined with speed and maneuverability— are critical to the F-35’s air superiority. In air combat, 4th generation aircraft have a higher radar cross-section, which means they can more easily be seen by enemy fighters. In combat, 4th gen aircraft and hostile nations have an equal opportunity to strike against one another. A 5th generation fighter has a lower radar cross-section to allow the F-35 pilot to see the other aircraft first and take action.

Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) 

Again drawing on the advantage of stealth and integrated sensors, the F-35 can fly critical intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) missions with more sophisticated data capture than any previous fighter aircraft. It the most powerful and comprehensive integrated sensor package of any fighter aircraft in history. Its next-generation avionics and sensor fusion give the pilot real-time access to battlefield information with 360-degree coverage.

Command and Control 

The F-35's communication, sensors and information systems enable it to draw on information from around the world - and deliver that information directly to the battlefield. Embedded, network-enabled information capture allows distribution of information to enhance and enable other platforms. Information gathered by F-35 sensors can be securely shared with commanders at sea, in the air or on the ground, providing a high-fidelity view of ongoing operations.

Electronic Attack 

Advanced electronic warfare (EW) capabilities enable the F-35 to locate and track enemy forces, jam radio frequencies and disrupt attacks with unparalleled precision. All three variants of the F-35 carry active, electronically scanned array (AESA) radars with sophisticated electronic attack capabilities, including false targets, network attack, advanced jamming and algorithm-packed data streams. This system allows the F-35 to reach well-defended targets and suppress enemy radars that threaten the F-35.

 

Aspek pengaturan dan kebijakan Industri Pertahanan Dirgantara:

1. Penetapan industri pertahanan.
2. Pengaturan kebijakan produksi bagi keperluan komersial dan pertahanan.
3. Penunjukan Departemen Pertahanan sebagai supervisi bagi industri pertahanan.
4. Perumusan program pembangunan industri pertahanan berdasarkan skala prioritas.

Sources:

Lockheed Martin
https://www.f35.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II

Test Terbang Pesawat Tempur

Hear from the F-35 flight test team at Edwards Air Force Base, California.

• Missiles:
  
  • Air-to-air missiles:
    • AIM-120 AMRAAM
    • AIM-9X Sidewinder
    • IRIS-T
    • MBDA Meteor (pending further funding)
  • Air-to-surface missiles:
    • AGM-88 AARGM
    • AGM-158 JASSM
    • Brimstone missile / MBDA SPEAR
    • Joint Air-to-Ground Missile
    • Storm Shadow missile
    • SOM
  • Anti-ship missiles:
    • JSM
    • LRASM

Lihat Juga

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

• Chengdu J-20
• Shenyang J-31
• Northrop YF-23
• Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor
• Sukhoi PAK FA
• Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft
• Mitsubishi ATD-X

Related lists

• List of fighter aircraft
• List of active United States military aircraft
• List of megaprojects, Aerospace

Sources: 

Lockheed Martin
https://www.f35.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II

Pertempuran Udara Masa Depan: Iron Man and F-22 Raptors

Dominating the Skies. Overwhelming the Threat.




The F-22's Avionics

The F-22's avionics include BAE Systems E&IS radar warning receiver (RWR) AN/ALR-94, AN/AAR 56 Infra-Red and Ultra-Violet MAWS (Missile Approach Warning System) and the Northrop Grumman AN/APG-77 Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar. The AN/ALR-94 is a passive receiver system to detect radar signals; composed of more than 30 antennas blended into the wings and fuselage that provide all around coverage.

It was described by Tom Burbage, former F-22 program head at Lockheed Martin, as "the most technically complex piece of equipment on the aircraft." It has a greater range (250+ nmi) than the radar, allowing the F-22 to limit its own radar emissions to maximise stealth. As a target approaches, the receiver can cue the AN/APG-77 radar to track the target with a narrow beam, which can be as focused down to 2° by 2° in azimuth and elevation.

The AN/APG-77 radar, designed for air superiority and strike operations, features a low-observable, active-aperture, electronically-scanned array that can track multiple targets in any weather. The AN/APG-77 changes frequencies more than 1,000 times per second to lower interception probability. Additionally, radar emissions can be focused in an electronic-attack capability to overload enemy sensors.

Integrated Avionics

• F-22 has demonstrated integrated avionics providing the pilot unprecedented situational awareness with a single battlefield display. It allows pilot to manage the air battle rather than invest time in interpreting/deceiphering multiple sensor inputs
• F-22’s complex avionics have revolutionized situational awareness throughout the battle space. F-22 sensors can passively collect - and eventually distribute - information on the enemy order of battle that guarantees our distinct advantage over hostile forces

 


The radar's information is processed by two Raytheon Common Integrated Processor (CIP)s. Each CIP can process 10.5 billion instructions per second and has 300 megabytes of memory. Information can be gathered from the radar and other onboard and offboard systems, filtered by the CIP, and offered in easy-to-digest ways on several cockpit displays, enabling the pilot to remain on top of complicated situations. The F-22's avionics software has some 1.7 million lines of code, the majority involving processing data from the radar.

The radar has an estimated range of 125–150 miles, though planned upgrades will allow a range of 250 miles (400 km) or more in narrow beams.In 2007, tests by Northrop Grumman, Lockheed Martin, and L-3 Communications enabled the AESA system of a Raptor to act like a WiFi access point, able to transmit data at 548 megabits per second and receive at gigabit speed; this is far faster than the Link 16 system used by U.S. and allied aircraft, which transfers data at just over 1 Mbit/s.

The F-22 has a threat detection and identification capability comparative with the RC-135 Rivet Joint.The F-22's stealth allows it to safely operate far closer to the battlefield, compensating for the reduced capability. The F-22 is capable of functioning as a "mini-AWACS", however the radar is less powerful than dedicated platforms such as the E-3 Sentry.

The F-22 allows its pilot to designate targets for cooperating F-15s and F-16s, and determine whether two friendly aircraft are targeting the same aircraft. This radar system can sometimes identify targets "many times quicker than the AWACS". The radar is capable of high-bandwidth data transmission; conventional radio "chatter" can be reduced via these alternative means.The IEEE-1394B data bus developed for the F-22 was derived from the commercial IEEE-1394 "FireWire" bus system. Sensor fusion combines data from all onboard and offboard sensors into a common view to prevent the pilot from being overwhelmed.

In a critical article former Navy Secretary John Lehman wrote "[a]t least [the F-22s] are safe from cyberattack. No one in China knows how to program the '83 vintage IBM software that runs them." Former Secretary of the USAF Michael Wynne blamed the use of the DoD's Ada as a reason for cost overruns and schedule slippages on many major military projects, including the F-22 Raptor.

The F-22 uses the INTEGRITY-178B operating system from Green Hills Software, which is also used on the F-35, several commercial airliners and the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle. However cyberattacks on Lockheed Martin's subcontractors have raised doubts about the security of the F-22's systems and its usefulness in combat as a result.


Herbert J. Carlisle has said that the F-22 can datalink with the Tomahawk (missile).

Alih Ipteks pesawat tempur canggih dari berbagai belahan dunia dapat diserap oleh para ilmuwan tanah air denga cara mendirikan perusahaan dan badan riset yang bekerja sama dengan pihak pemerintah khususnya pihak militer.

Semoga Bermanfaat.

Sources: 

1. Wikipedia
2. http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/products/f22.html
3. http://www.f22-raptor.com/
4. http://www.af.mil/ [US Air Force]
5. www.pw.utc.com [Pratt & Whitney]
6. http://www.boeing.com/boeing/ [Boeing Corporation]

Mesin Jet Tempur Super Canggih: The Propulsion Story

 F-35B Propulsion Story



Mesin Jet Tempur Super Canggih

The engine used on the F-35 is the Pratt & Whitney F135. An alternative engine, the General Electric/Rolls-Royce F136, was under development until December 2011 when the manufacturers canceled the project. 

Neither the F135 or F136 engines are designed to supercruise in the F-35, however the F-35 can achieve a limited supercruise of Mach 1.2 for 150 miles. The F135 is the second (radar) stealthy afterburning jet engine and, like the Pratt & Whitney F119 from which it was derived, has suffered from pressure pulsations in the afterburner at low altitude and high speed or "screech" during development. Turbine bearing health will be monitored with thermoelectric-powered sensors.

The F-35 has a maximum speed of over Mach 1.6. With a maximum takeoff weight of 60,000 lb (27,000 kg), the Lightning II is considerably heavier than the lightweight fighters it replaces. In empty and maximum gross weights, it more closely resembles the single-seat, single-engine Republic F-105 Thunderchief, which was the largest single-engine fighter of the Vietnam war era. The F-35's modern engine delivers over 60 percent more thrust in an aircraft of the same weight so that in thrust to weight and wing loading it is much closer to a comparably equipped F-16.

The STOVL F-35B is outfitted with the Rolls-Royce LiftSystem, designed by Lockheed Martin and developed by Rolls-Royce. This system more resembles the Russian Yak-141 and German VJ 101D/E than the preceding STOVL Harrier Jump Jet and the Rolls-Royce Pegasus engine. The Lift System is composed of a lift fan, drive shaft, two roll posts and a "Three Bearing Swivel Module" (3BSM).

The 3BSM is a thrust vectoring nozzle which allows the main engine exhaust to be deflected downward at the tail of the aircraft. The lift fan is near the front of the aircraft and provides a counterbalancing thrust using two counter-rotating blisks.

It is powered by the engine's low-pressure (LP) turbine via a drive shaft and gearbox. Roll control during slow flight is achieved by diverting unheated engine bypass air through wing-mounted thrust nozzles called Roll Posts.

Diagram of turbojet energy for LiftSystem

F136 funding came at the expense of other parts of the program, impacting on unit costs. The F136 team has claimed that their engine has a greater temperature margin which may prove critical for VTOL operations in hot, high altitude conditions.

Pratt & Whitney has tested higher thrust versions of the F135, partly in response to GE's claims that the F136 is capable of producing more thrust than the 43,000 lbf (190 kN) of early F135s. The F135 has demonstrated a maximum thrust of over 50,000 lbf (220 kN) during testing; making it the most powerful engine ever installed in a fighter aircraft as of 2010.

Mesin jet adalah sebuah jenis mesin pembakaran dalam menghirup udara yang sering digunakan dalam pesawat. Prinsip seluruh mesin jet pada dasarnya sama; mereka mempercepat massa (udara dan hasil pembakaran) ke satu arah dan dari hukum gerak Newton ketiga mesin akan mengalami dorongan ke arah yang berlawanan. Yang termasuk mesin jet antara lain turbojet, turbofan, rocket, ramjet, dan pump-jet.

Mesin ini menghirup udara dari depan dan mengkompresinya. Udara digabungkan dengan bahan bakar, dan dibakar. Pembakaran menambah banyak peningkatan energi dari gas yang kemudian dibuang ke belakang mesin. Proses ini mirip dengan siklus empat-gerak, dengan induksi, kompresi, penyalaan, dan pembuangan terjadi secara berkelanjutan. Mesin menghasilkan dorongan karena percepatan udara yang melaluinya; gaya yang sama dan berlawanan yang dihasilkan adalah dorongan bagi mesin.

Mesin jet mengambil massa udara yang relatif sedikit dan mempercepatnya dengan jumlah yang besar, di mana sebuah pendorong mengambil massa udara secara besar dan mempercepatnya dalam jumlah kecil. Pembuangan kecepatan tinggi dari mesin jet membuatnya efisien pada kecepatan tinggi (terutama kecepatan supersonik) dan ketinggian tinggi. 

Pada pesawat pelan dan yang membutuhkan jarak terbang pendek, pendorong yang menggunakan turbin gas, yang umumnya dikenal sebagai turboprop, lebih umum dan lebih efisien. Pesawat sangat kecil biasanya menggunakan mesin piston untuk menjalankan pendorong tetap turboprop kecil semakin lama semakin kecil dengan berkembangnya teknologi teknik.

Efisiensi pembakaran sebuah mesin jet, seperti mesin pembakaran dalam lainnya, dipengaruhi besar oleh rasio volume udara yang dikompresi dengan volume pembuangan. Dalam mesin turbin kompresi udara dan bentuk "duct" yang melewati ruang pembakaran mencegah aliran balik dari situ dan membuat pembakaran berkelanjutan dimungkinkan dan proses pendorongan.

Mesin turbojet modern modular dalam konsep dan rancangan. Inti penghasilan-tenaga utama, sama dalam seluruh mesin jet, disebut sebagai generator gas. Dan juga modul tambahan lainnya seperti gearset pengurang dorongan (turboprop/turboshaft), kipas lewat, dan "afterburner". Jenis alat tambahan dipasang berdasarkan penggunaan pesawat.

Semoga Industri Permesinan Canggih di Indonesia semakin maju dan berkembang.

Sources:

Wikipedia

Lockheed Martin

Pratt & Whitney
http://www.pw.utc.com/

Rolls-Royce
http://www.rolls-royce.com/

Nusantara Turbin & Propulsi, Bandung, Indonesia.
http://www.umcntp.co.id/
 

Broad Area Maritime Surveillance (BAMS)

The Northrop Grumman MQ-4C Triton is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) under development for the United States Navy as a surveillance aircraft. Developed under the Broad Area Maritime Surveillance (BAMS) program, the system is intended to provide continuous maritime surveillance for the US Navy, and to complement the Boeing P-8 Poseidon, the Boeing 737-based Multimission Maritime Aircraft (MMA).

General characteristics

• Crew: Unmanned, 4 per ground station
• Length: 47.6 ft in (14.5 m)
• Wingspan: 130.9 ft in (39.9 m)
• Height: 15.3 ft in (4.7 m)
• Gross weight: 32,250 lb (14,628.4 kg)
• Powerplant: 1 × Rolls-Royce AE 3007 turbofan, 6,495-8,917 lbf (28.9-39.7 kN)

Performance

• Maximum speed: 357 mph (575 km/h)
• Endurance: 30 hours
• Service ceiling: 60,000 ft (18,288 m)

Contract competition

The competitors for the contract included:

• Boeing, with an unmanned version of the Gulfstream G550 business jet. It was optionally manned and has "commonality with other Boeing-built naval aircraft."

• Northrop Grumman, with a marinized RQ-4 Global Hawk. In order to begin testing the surveillance package early, Northrop Grumman contracted with Flight Test Associates of the Mojave Spaceport to modify a Grumman Gulfstream II as a flying testbed.

• Lockheed Martin, with a General Atomics Mariner

On 22 April 2008, Northrop Grumman received the Broad Area Maritime Surveillance contract worth $1.16 billion. Lockheed Martin filed a formal protest with the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) two weeks later. On August 11, 2008 the GAO ruled to uphold the Navy’s selection of Northrop Grumman. In September 2010, the BAMS aircraft was designated the MQ-4C.

Penulis Berada di Pantai Pangandaran Bersama Sahabat-Sahabat

Mewujudkan Keunggulan Pertahanan Bangsa di Darat, Laut, Udara dan di Antariksa

Insha Allah

Semangat Indonesia

Sources: 

Northrop Grumman

US Navy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_MQ-4C_Triton

Joint Strike Fighter Program

 Presiden SBY berbagi cerita suka duka sebagi prajurit lintas udara 

kepada peserta latihan gabungan TNI

Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) is a development and acquisition program intended to replace a wide range of existing fighter, strike, and ground attack aircraft for the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, The Netherlands and their allies.



Unit Cost:

F-35A: US$153.1 million (flyaway cost, 2013)
F-35B: US$196.5 M (flyaway cost, 2012)
F-35C: US$199.4 M (flyaway cost, 2013)

In providing that solution, the Joint Strike Fighter program has since day one had four program pillars:

Affordable

All variants of the F-35 will be procured within their target cost range. Operation and support costs will be dramatically reduced.

Lethal

Air-to-ground precision strikes in all weather air-to-air combat engagements – every F-35 variant will be highly effective in both arenas.

Survivable

Stealthy, high-performance, supersonic strike fighters – The F-35 successfully integrates the technologies that will make every mission more survivable.

Supportable

Reliability and maintainability: The F-35 will be setting new standards for both, enabling lower support costs and easier upgrades than legacy aircraft.

 F-35 Inauguration

After a competition between the Boeing X-32 and the Lockheed Martin X-35, a final design was chosen based on the X-35. This is the F-35 Lightning II, which will replace various tactical aircraft, including the US F-16, A-10, F/A-18, AV-8B and British Harrier GR7 & GR9s, and the Canadian CF-18. The projected average annual cost of this program is $12.5 billion with an estimated program life-cycle cost of $1.1 trillion.

  
Usaha Indonesia dalam Mengembangkan Pesawat Tempur

Indonesia terus berusaha meningkatkan persenjataan militernya, termasuk juga membangung pesawat tempur sendiri. Saat ini Indonesia masih mengandalkan pembelian pesawat tempur dari Rusia yakni Sukhoi 30. 

Vice President Corporate Communication PT Dirgantara Indonesia (PT DI) Sonni Ibrahim mengatakan, sejak 2010 lalu Indonesia sudah mulai merancang pesawat tempur sendiri.

"Indonesia saat ini sudah memulai proses perancangan pesawat tempur. Proyek ini sudah dimulai sejak 2010 lalu," kata Sonni ketika ditemui detikFinance diacara Airshow The 12th Langkawi Internasional Maritime and Exhibition, Malaysia, Kamis (28/3/2013).

Proyek ini merupakan proyek negara dan PT DI sebagai BUMN produsen pesawat ikut berpartisipasi di dalamnya. 

Maju Terus IPTEKS Dirgantara Indonesia

Insha Allah.

Sources:

http://www.jsf.mil/

Lockheed Martin

PT. Dirgantara Indonesia

JAGM: Joint Air-to-Ground Missile

The Joint Air-to-Ground Missile (JAGM) is a U.S. military program to develop an air-to-surface missile to replace the current air-launched BGM-71 TOW, AGM-114 Hellfire and AGM-65 Maverick missiles. 

The US Army plans to buy thousands of JAGMs.

The Joint Air-to-Ground Missile (JAGM) program is a follow-on from the unsuccessful AGM-169 Joint Common Missile program that was cancelled due to budget cuts. JAGM will share basically the same objectives and technologies as JCM but will be developed over a longer time scale.

• Current
  • AH-64 Apache
  • MQ-1C Gray Eagle
  • OH-58 Kiowa

• Former
  • F/A-18E/F Super Hornet
  • F-35 Lightning II
  • MH-60R/S Seahawk
  • AH-1Z Viper

 Lihat Juga:

• Naval Air Systems Command
• List of missiles by country
• Brimstone missile
• Spike (missile)
• Precision Attack Air-to-Surface Missile

Sumber: 

http://www.raytheon.com/capabilities/products/jagm/
Lockheed Martin Corporation

UAS: Unmanned Aircraft System

An unmanned aircraft system (UAS) includes ground stations and other elements besides the actual aircraft, the term was first officially used by the FAA in early 2005 and subsequently adopted by DoD that same year in their Unmanned Aircraft System Roadmap 2005–2030.

US AIR FORCE GLOBAL HAWK

Many people have mistakenly used the term Unmanned Aerial System, or Unmanned Air Vehicle System, as these designations were in provisional use at one time or another. The inclusion of the term aircraft emphasizes that regardless of the location of the pilot and flightcrew, the operations must comply with the same regulations and procedures as do those aircraft with the pilot and flightcrew on board. The official acronym UAS is also used by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and other government aviation regulatory organizations.

Global Hawk A combat-proven HALE UAS with extraordinary ISR capabilities, providing near-real-time high resolution imagery of large geographical areas all day and night in all types of weather. The current Global Hawk enterprise is made up of four complimentary systems, or Blocks.

Block 10, the initial airframe after the DARPA technology demonstration, was deployed overseas shortly after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and quickly proved its usefulness. Block 20, the first production version, was unveiled in August 2006. Block 30 adds critical signals intelligence (SIGINT) capability to the Global Hawk family.

Specifications:

Wingspan: 130.9 ft (39.9 m)
Length: 47.6 ft (14.5m)
Height: 15.4 ft (4.7 m)
Gross Take-off Weight: 32,250 lbs. (14,628 kg)
Maximum Altitude: 60,000 lbs (18.3 km)
Payload : 3,000 lbs (1,360 kg)
Ferry Range: 12,300 nm (22,780 km)
Loiter Velocity: 310 knots True Air Speed (TAS)
On-station Endurance at 1,200 nm: 24 hrs
Maximum Endurance: 32+hrs

BAMS UAS undergoing final assembly at Northrop Grumman's factory. 

UAV design and production is a global activity, with manufacturers all across the world. The United States and Israel were initial pioneers in this technology, and U.S. manufacturers had a market share of over 60% in 2006, with U.S. market share due to increase by 5–10% through 2016.

Northrop Grumman and General Atomics are the dominant manufacturers in this industry, on the strength of the Global Hawk and Predator/Mariner systems.

According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Israeli companies were behind 41% of all UAVs exported in 2001-2011. The European market share represented just 4% of global revenue in 2006.

Development costs for American military UAVs, as with most military programs, have tended to overrun their initial estimates. This is mostly due to changes in requirements during development and a failure to leverage UAV development programs over multiple armed services. This has caused United States Navy UAV programs to increase in cost from 0% to 5% while United States Air Force UAV programs have increased from 60% to 284%.

Source:  

Northrop Grumman

Mengenal Mesin Turboprop

Mungkin sahabat-sahabat masih ingat Film Super-Hero anak-anak; Pasukan Turbo?

 

Bila masih ingat, selamat, Masa Kecil Kita Terselamatkan wkwkwk.

Tapi tulisan ini bukan akan membahas mengenai Team Super Hero itu lho.

Kali ini kita akan belajar mengenai Mesin Turboprop, salah satu mesin canggih yang sempat menjadi buah bibir di masyarakat kita tahun 1990-an, ketika Prof. Habibie mengembangkan mesin ini di IPTN.

Namun kata Turboprop ini berasal dari dua kata yaitu Turbo dan Propulsi, [TURBOPROP] kata TURBO sering merujuk kepada mesin sebuah alat transportasi, baik itu darat, laut dan udara yang mempunyai lubang-lubang dan turbin. bahkan kata TURBO ini tadinya berasal dari sebuah binatang yaitu binatang keong [Operculum: Gastropod] saya pun kadang-kadang memakan sayur keong "tutut" ini, rasanya enak banget apalagi yang dimasak oleh ibu saya. Hmmmmm jadi ngidam @_@.

TURBO: Any one of numerous marine gastropods of the genus Turbo or family Turbinidæ, usually having a turbinate shell, pearly on the inside, and a calcareous operculum.

Propulsi: is a means of creating force leading to movement.

A propulsion system has a source of mechanical power (some type of engine or motor, muscles), and some means of using this power to generate force, such as wheel and axles, propellers, a propulsive nozzle, wings, fins or legs. Other components such as clutches, gearboxes and so forth may be needed to connect the power source to the force generating component. The term propulsion is derived from two Latin words: pro meaning before or forwards and pellere meaning to drive

Mesin TURBOPROP

Mesin turboprop adalah jenis pesawat pembangkit yang menggunakan turbin gas untuk menggerakkan baling-baling. Turbin gas yang dirancang khusus untuk aplikasi ini, dengan hampir semua output yang digunakan untuk menggerakkan baling-baling. Mesin gas buang mengandung energi sedikit dibandingkan dengan mesin jet dan memainkan peran kecil dalam penggerak pesawat. 

Baling-baling ini digabungkan ke turbin melalui gigi reduksi yang mengubah RPM tinggi, torsi output yang rendah untuk RPM rendah, torsi tinggi.Baling-baling itu sendiri biasanya dengan kecepatan konstan (pitch variabel) tipe serupa dengan yang digunakan dengan mesin pesawat yang lebih besar reciprocating. Mesin turboprop umumnya digunakan pada pesawat subsonic kecil, namun beberapa pesawat dilengkapi dengan pesawat turboprop memiliki daya kecepatan melebihi 500 kt (926 km / h, 575 mph).

Pesawat militer dan sipil besar, seperti Lockheed L-188 Electra dan Tupolev Tu-95, juga telah menggunakan kekuatan turboprop. The Airbus A400M ini didukung oleh empat TP400 mesin Europrop, yang kedua mesin turboprop paling kuat yang pernah dihasilkan, setelah Kuznetsov NK-12. Dalam bentuk yang paling sederhana turboprop terdiri dari intake, kompresor, ruang bakar, turbin, dan pendorong nozzle.

Udara ditarik ke dalam intake dan dikompresi oleh kompresor. Bahan bakar ini kemudian ditambahkan ke udara yang dikompresi dalam ruang bakar, di mana campuran bahan bakar dan udara kemudian masuk ke combusts. Pembakaran gas panas diperluas melalui turbin. Beberapa kekuatan yang dihasilkan oleh turbin digunakan untuk menggerakkan kompresor. Sisanya ditularkan melalui pengurangan gearing untuk baling-baling. Perluasan lebih lanjut dari gas terjadi di nozel pendorong, dimana gas buang dengan tekanan atmosfer disatukan. Nozel pendorong menyediakan proporsi yang relatif kecil dari dorongan yang dihasilkan oleh sebuah turboprop.

Aspek IPTEK Mesin Turboprop

Propellers are not efficient when the tips reach or exceed supersonic speeds. For this reason, a reduction gearbox is placed in the drive line between the power turbine and the propeller to allow the turbine to operate at its most efficient speed. The gearbox is part of the engine and contains the parts necessary to operate a constant speed propeller. This differs from the turboshaft engines used in helicopters, where the gearbox is remote from the engine. While most modern turbojet and turbofan engines use axial-flow compressors, turboprop engines usually contain at least one stage of centrifugal compression. Centrifugal compressors have the advantage of being simple and lightweight, at the expense of a streamlined shape.

Propellers lose efficiency as aircraft speed increases, so turboprops are normally not used on high-speed aircraft. However, propfan engines, which are very similar to turboprop engines, can cruise at flight speeds approaching Mach 0.75. To increase the efficiency of the propellers, a mechanism can be used to alter the pitch, thus adjusting the pitch to the airspeed. A variable pitch propeller, also called a controllable pitch propeller, can also be used to generate negative thrust while decelerating on the runway. Additionally, in the event of an engine outage, the pitch can be adjusted to a vaning pitch (called feathering), thus minimizing the drag of the non-functioning propeller.

Some commercial aircraft with turboprop engines include the Bombardier Dash 8, ATR 42, ATR 72, BAe Jetstream 31, Beechcraft 1900, Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia, Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner, Dornier 328, Saab 340 and 2000, Xian MA60, Xian MA600, and Xian MA700, Fokker 27, 50 and 60

Lihat Juga:

• Jet engine
• Jet aircraft
• Jetboat
• Propfan
• Ramjet
• Scimitar propeller
• Supercharger
• Tiltrotor
• Turbocharger
• Turbofan
• Turbojet
• Turboshaft

Bagaimana Mengembangkan Mesin Pesawat Terbang?

Membangun Peradaban Dirgantara dan Keantariksaan Nusantara

Kunjungi Juga:

PT. Nusantara Turbin & Propulsi at Bandung, Indonesia
http://www.umcntp.co.id/

NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov

MTU Aero Engines
http://www.mtu.de

Sumber:

Arip Nurahman Notes
Wikipedia
PT. Dirgantara Indonesia

Semoga Bermanfaat

Supersonic Strategic Bomber

A strategic bomber is a mid-to-long range heavy bomber aircraft designed to drop large amounts of ordnance onto a distant target for the purposes of debilitating an enemy's capacity to wage war. Unlike tactical bombers and ground attack aircraft, which are used in air interdiction operations to attack troops and military equipment, strategic bombers are built to fly into an enemy's heartland to destroy strategic targets, e.g. major military installations, factories and cities. In addition to strategic bombing, strategic bombers can be used for tactical missions. The United States, Russia and China (leased from Russia) maintain strategic bombers.

B-52 Stratofortress, the B-1 Lancer and the B-2 Spirit.

Most modern fighter aircraft are supersonic, but there have been supersonic passenger aircraft, namely Concorde and the Tupolev Tu-144. Both these passenger aircraft and some modern fighters are also capable of supercruise, a condition of sustained supersonic flight without the use of an afterburner.

Due to its ability to supercruise for several hours and the relatively high frequency of flight over several decades, Concorde spent more time flying supersonically than all other aircraft combined by a considerable margin. Since Concorde's final retirement flight on November 26, 2003, there are no supersonic passenger aircraft left in service. Some large bombers, such as the Tupolev Tu-160 and Rockwell/Boeing B-1B are also supersonic-capable.

The sound source has now broken through the sound speed barrier, and is traveling at 1.4 times the speed of sound, c (Mach 1.4). Since the source is moving faster than the sound waves it creates, it actually leads the advancing wavefront. The sound source will pass by a stationary observer before the observer actually hears the sound it creates.

Lihat Juga:

• vapor cone
• Hypersonic speed
• Transonic speed
• Sonic boom
• Whitcomb area rule
• Supersonic airfoils
• Supersonic aircraft

Semoga Bermanfaat.

Latihan Penerbangan

Test Flight dua Pesawat Tempur Sukhoi SU-30 MK2 yang dilaksanakan selama satu hari , Senin (27/5) dengan Pilot Alexander dan Sergey, yang sebelumnya menjalani perakitan di Skadron Teknik 044 oleh Tim Teknisi dari Rusia yang dibantu Teknisi dari Skadron Teknik 044 berjalan lancar dan sukses.

Pelaksanaan test flight dua Pesawat Tempur Sukhoi pesawat tempur SU-30 MK2 buatan KNAAPO (Komsomolsk-na Amure Aircraft Production Association) Rusia, pesanan pemerintah Indonesia buatan Rusia yang tiba di Lanud Sultan Hasanuddin beberapa hari yang lalu, diawali dengan pelaksanaan briefing penerbangan yang dihadiri Kadisops Kolonel Pnb Widyargo Ikoputra.S.E mewakili Komandan Lanud Sultan Hasanuddin Marsma TNI Barhim, Pilot Test Flight dari Rusia, Pejabat Skadron Udara 11 serta Petugas PLLU dan Meteo Lanud Sultan Hasanuddin.

Test Flight pesawat tempur canggih yang kurang lebih dua jam dimulai pada pukul 09.00 Wita dilaksanakan di atas udara Lanud Sultan Hasanuddin dan sekitarnya dengan melaksanakan berbagai manuver diudara tersebut disaksikan langsung oleh Para Kepala Dinas serta Pejabat Staf Lanud Sultan Hasanuddin berjalan lancar dan sukses.

The Sukhoi Su-30MKK (NATO reporting name: Flanker-G) is a modification of the Su-30, incorporating advanced technology from the Su-27M variant. Su-30MKK was developed by Sukhoi Company (JSC) in 1997, as a result of a direct Request for Tender between the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China. It is a heavy class, all-weather, long-range strike fighter, comparable to the American F-15E Strike Eagle.

Su-30MK2 is a further improvement to Su-30MKK with upgraded avionics and maritime strike capabilities. The MKK and MK2 are currently operated by the People's Liberation Army Air Force, Indonesian Air Force, Vietnam People's Air Force, Venezuelan Air Force and the Uganda People's Defence Force.

Engine:

The main power plants are two AL-31F engines that provide great maneuverability and thrust. Range can be extended with the in flight refueling probe. Domestic Chinese resources have claimed that the Chinese engine WS-10 with higher mean time between overhaul can also be used, but this is yet to be confirmed by the official sources and sources outside China. The average mean time between overhaul of AL-31F is only slightly above 500 hours, significantly lower than its western counterparts, the same problem reportedly encountered by Indian Air Force for its Su-30MKI fleet.

Sumber:

TNI AU

http://www.sukhoi.org/eng/

Komsomolsk-na Amure Aircraft Production Association
http://www.knaapo.ru/eng/index.wbp

Wikipedia

AMDR-S: Digital Array Radar

Lockheed Martin's AMDR-S: The AMDR (Air and Missile Defense Radar)

Lockheed Martin's AMDR-S solution will enable significantly improved simultaneous multi-mission operations in stressing environments, balanced with affordable lifecycle costs. The Lockheed Martin team is developing an open-architecture and modular design matured through significant corporate and U.S. Navy investment.

The S band is part of the microwave band of the electromagnetic spectrum. It is defined by an IEEE standard for radio waves with frequencies that range from 2 to 4 GHz, crossing the conventional boundary between UHF and SHF at 3.0 GHz. The S band is used by weather radar, surface ship radar, and some communications satellites, especially those used by NASA to communicate with the Space Shuttle and the International Space Station. The 10-cm radar short-band ranges roughly from 1.55 to 5.2 GHz.

S band is also used in optical communications to refer to the wavelength range 1460 nm to 1530 nm.

Northrop Grumman's AMDR features:

    Design flexibility for easy and cost-effective adaptation to current and future Navy ships and multiple-platform installations.
    Multiple-mission capability resulting from incorporating a sub-array design and unique digital beam former.
    Modularity and scalability that’s built in to both hardware and software designs.
    Low-cost, low-risk upgrade capabilities.
    Simple and efficient maintenance scheme.
    Open architecture that applies to virtually all hardware and software components to significantly reduce risk and cost.
    Open business model to deliver dramatic cost savings to the Navy  now, and for many generations to come.

Sources:

http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/products/amdr.html
http://www.northropgrumman.com/Capabilities/AMDR/Pages/default.aspx

Helikopter Canggih

General characteristics

• Crew: Four (pilot, copilot and two flight engineers/crew chiefs)
• Capacity:
  
  • 24 troops (seated), 32 troops (floor loaded), or
  • 20,000 lb (9,070 kg) of internal cargo, or up to 15,000 lb (6,800 kg) of external cargo (dual hook)
  • 1× Growler light internally transportable ground vehicle
• Length: 57 ft 4 in (17.5 m)
• Rotor diameter: 38 ft 0 in (11.6 m)
• Wingspan: 45 ft 10 in (14 m)
• Width with rotors: 84 ft 7 in (25.8 m)
• Height: 22 ft 1 in/6.73 m; overall with nacelles vertical (17 ft 11 in/5.5 m; at top of tailfins)
• Disc area: 2,268 ft² (212 m²)
• Wing area: 301.4 ft² (28 m²)
• Empty weight: 33,140 lb (15,032 kg)
• Loaded weight: 47,500 lb (21,500 kg)
• Max. takeoff weight: 60,500 lb (27,400 kg)
• Powerplant: 2 × Rolls-Royce Allison T406/AE 1107C-Liberty turboshafts, 6,150 hp (4,590 kW) each

Bell-Boeing V-22 Osprey Demonstration 

Performance

• Maximum speed: 275 knots (509 km/h, 316 mph) at sea level / 305 kn (565 km/h; 351 mph) at 15,000 ft (4,600 m)
• Cruise speed: 241 knots (277 mph, 446 km/h) at sea level
• Stall speed: 110 knots(126 mph) in airplane mode
• Range: 879 nmi (1,011 mi, 1,627 km)
• Combat radius: 390 nmi (426 mi, 722 km)
• Ferry range: 1,940 nmi (2,230 mi, 3,590 km) with auxiliary internal fuel tanks
• Service ceiling: 25,000 ft (7,620 m)
• Rate of climb: 2,320 – 4,000 ft/min (11.8 m/s)
• Glide ratio: 4.5:1
• Disc loading: 20.9 lb/ft² at 47,500 lb GW (102.23 kg/m²)
• Power/mass: 0.259 hp/lb (427 W/kg)

Armament

• 1× 7.62 mm (0.308 in) M240 machine gun or 0.50 in (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine gun on ramp, removable
• 1× 7.62 mm (.308 in) GAU-17 minigun, belly-mounted, retractable, video remote control in the Remote Guardian System [optional]

Related development

• Bell XV-15
• AgustaWestland AW609
• Bell Boeing Quad TiltRotor
• Bell V-280 Valor

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

• Canadair CL-84
• LTV XC-142

Related lists

• List of military aircraft of the United States
• List of VTOL aircraft

For more information, read the V-22 Osprey (PDF) overview.
 
Sources: 

1. Wikipedia
2. http://www.boeing.com/boeing/rotorcraft/military/v22/
3. Advanced Helicopter Project