Indonesian Space Sciences & Technology School

Indonesian Space Sciences & Technology School

 

 

 

  Space Systems Laboratory

The Space Systems Laboratory engages in cutting-edge research projects with the goal of directly contributing to the current and future exploration and development of space. SSL's mission is to explore innovative concepts for the integration of future space systems and to train a generation of researchers and engineers conversant in this field.


Specific tasks include developing the technology and systems analysis associated with small spacecraft, precision optical systems, and International Space Station technology research and development. The laboratory encompasses expertise in structural dynamics, control, thermal, space power, propulsion, microelectromechanical systems, software development and systems.


Major activities in this laboratory are the development of small spacecraft thruster systems (see the Space Propulsion Laboratory) and researching issues associated with the distribution of function among satellites. In addition, technology is being developed for spaceflight validation in support of a new class of space-based telescopes that exploit the physics of interferometry to achieve dramatic breakthroughs in angular resolution. (See affiliated faculty)

Introduction

Welcome to the Space Systems Laboratory (SSL) in the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Founded in 1995, the SSL engages in cutting edge research projects with the goal of directly contributing to the present and future exploration and development of space. Specific missions include developing the technology and systems analysis associated with small spacecraft, precision optical systems, and International Space Station technology research and development.


The laboratory encompasses expertise in structural dynamics, control, thermal, space power, propulsion, MEMS, software development and systems. A major activity in this laboratory is the development of small spacecraft thruster systems as well as looking at issues associated with the distribution of function among satellites.

In addition, technology is being developed for spaceflight validation in support of a new class of space-based telescopes that exploit the physics of interferometry to achieve dramatic breakthroughs in angular resolution. The objective of the Laboratory is to explore innovative concepts for the integration of future space systems and to train a generation of researchers and engineers conversant in this field.

SSL Partners

The SSL is a member of NASA's Small Satellite Technology Initiative (SSTI), New Millennium Program, and International Space Station Technology Testbed Program. The Laboratory also has ties with the M.I.T. Lincoln Laboratory, NASA Langley, JPL and the Air Force Phillips Laboratory as well as the Departments of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering at M.I.T. and aerospace companies such as Draper, TRW, Lockheed-Martin, MDA and Hughes. Links to some of our partners:

NASA home page
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
NASA Ames Reseach Center
NASA Langley Research Center
MIT Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
MIT Mechanical Engineering
Lockheed-Martin
Payload Systems Inc

 

Added & Edited

By: Arip Nurahman
Department of Physics Education, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics

Indonesia University of Education

and

Follower Open Course Ware at Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, USA
Department of Physics 
http://web.mit.edu/physics/
http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Physics/index.htm
&
Aeronautics and Astronautics Engineering
http://web.mit.edu/aeroastro/www/
http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Aeronautics-and-Astronautics/index.htm

For More Information

The following web pages are intended to give you a feel for the work done here in the SSL. If you have any specific questions concerning particular research projects, would like to learn more about the unique capabilities of the SSL, or would like to collaborate on a current or new project; please feel free to contact the Director of the MIT Space Systems Laboratory - Professor David Miller.

David W. Miller, Sc.D.

Space Systems Laboratory Director

Associate Professor of Aeronautics & Astronautics

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

77 Massachusetts Ave.

Room 37-327

Cambridge, MA 02139

(617) 253-3288 (tel)

(617) 258-5940 (fax)

millerd@mit.edu

How Indonesian People Get Nobel Prize in The Future

Central for Research and Development for Winning

Nobel Prize in Physics at Indonesia

Nobel Fisika Indonesia

(Belajar Kepada Profesor Bohr)

"untuk sumbangannya dalam pemeriksaan struktur atom dan radiasi yang keluar darinya"

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922

"for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"

Niels Bohr
Born	Niels Henrik David Bohr 7 October 1885 Copenhagen, Denmark
Died	18 November 1962 (aged 77) Copenhagen, Denmark
Nationality	Danish
Fields	Physics
Institutions	University of Copenhagen University of Cambridge University of Manchester
Alma mater	University of Copenhagen
Doctoral advisor	Christian Christiansen
Other academic advisors	J. J. Thomson Ernest Rutherford
Doctoral students	Hendrik Anthony Kramers
Known for	Copenhagen interpretation Complementarity Bohr model Sommerfeld–Bohr theory BKS theory Bohr-Einstein debates Bohr magneton
Influences	Ernest Rutherford
Influenced	Werner Heisenberg Wolfgang Pauli Paul Dirac Lise Meitner Max Delbrück and many others
Notable awards	Nobel Prize in Physics (1922) Franklin Medal (1929)
Signature
Notes Harald Bohr is his younger brother, and Aage Bohr is his son.

Niels Henrik David Bohr (Danish pronunciation: [nels ˈboɐ̯ˀ]; 7 October 1885 – 18 November 1962) was a Danish physicist who made fundamental contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum mechanics, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. Bohr mentored and collaborated with many of the top physicists of the century at his institute in Copenhagen. He was part of a team of physicists working on the Manhattan Project. Bohr married Margrethe Nørlund in 1912, and one of their sons, Aage Bohr, grew up to be an important physicist who in 1975 also received the Nobel prize. Bohr has been described as one of the most influential scientists of the 20th century.^[1]

Niels Bohr (lahir 7 Oktober 1885 – meninggal 18 November 1962 pada umur 77 tahun) adalah seorang ahli fisika dari Denmark dan pernah meraih hadiah Nobel Fisika pada tahun 1922. Pada tahun 1913 Bohr telah menerapkan konsep mekanika kuantum untuk model atom yang telah dikembangkan oleh Ernest Rutherford, yang menggambarkan bahwa atom tersusun dari inti atom (nukleus) yang dikelilingi oleh orbit elektron.

Putranya, Aage Niels Bohr, juga penerima Hadiah Nobel.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922

• Presentation Speech

Niels Bohr

• Biography
• Nobel Lecture
• Photo Gallery
• Banquet Speech
• Other Resources

Legacy

• He was one of the founding fathers of CERN in 1954.^[25]
• Received the first ever Atoms for Peace Award in 1957.
• In 1965, three years after Bohr's death, the Institute of Physics at the University of Copenhagen changed its name to the Niels Bohr Institute.
• The Bohr models semicentennial was commemorated in Denmark on 21 November 1963 with a postage stamp depicting Bohr, the hydrogen atom and the formula for the difference of any two hydrogen energy levels: .
• Bohrium (a chemical element, atomic number 107) is named in honour of Bohr.
• Hafnium, another chemical element, whose properties were predicted by Bohr, was named by him after Hafnia, Copenhagen's Latin name.
• Asteroid 3948 Bohr is named after him.
• The Centennial of Bohr's birth was commemorated in Denmark on 3 October 1985 with a postage stamp depicting Bohr with his wife Margrethe.
• In 1997 the Danish National Bank started circulating the 500-krone banknote with the portrait of Bohr smoking a pipe.^[26][27]
• Bohr has been a common name in Europe since the Middle Ages.^[28] It remains fairly common in Europe and spread to the U.S. with pilgrims named Bohr settling there.^{[citation needed]} There was an notable increase in the middle name Bohr throughout Europe and America following Bohr's death.^{[citation needed]}
• Bohr was referenced in The Simpsons thirteenth season episode entitled I Am Furious Yellow. In the episode, Homer Simpson is looking forward to watching a television show called When Dinosaurs Get Drunk, when it is suddenly announced that it will be replaced with another called The Boring World of Niels Bohr. The opening image is of the scientist and an expanded version of the Bohr model of the atom.

Further reading

Niels Bohr (1913). "On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part I". Philosophical Magazine 26: 1–24. The landmark paper laying the Bohr model of the atom and molecular bonding.

• 1999. Causality and Complementarity: Epistemological Lessons of Studies in Atomic Physics. Ox Bow Press. ISBN 1-881987-13-2. The 1949-50 Gifford lectures.
• 1987 (1958). Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge. Ox Bow Press. ISBN 0-91802452-8. Seven essays written 1933-57. 1958 ed., Wiley Interscience.
• Niels Bohr Collected Works 13-Volume Limited Edition Set, General Editor, Finn Aaserud; ISBN 978-0-444-53286-2.
• Niels Bohr: The Man, His Science, and the World They Changed, by Ruth Moore; ISBN 0-262-63101-6.
• Niels Bohr's Times, In Physics, Philosophy and Polity, by Abraham Pais; ISBN 0-19-852049-2.
• Niels Bohr: His Life and Work As Seen by His Friends and Colleagues, edited by Stefan Rozental, John Wiley & Sons, 1964.
• Suspended In Language: Niels Bohr's Life, Discoveries, And The Century He Shaped by Jim Ottaviani (graphic novel); ISBN 0-9660106-5-5.
• Harmony and Unity : The Life of Niel's Bohr, by Niels Blaedel; ISBN 0-910239-14-2.
• Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume, edited by A. P French and P.J. Kennedy. ISBN 0-674-62415-7.
• Copenhagen Michael Frayn ISBN 0413724905
• Faust in Copenhagen: A Struggle for the Soul of Physics by Gino Segre; ISBN 0-670-03858-X.

Sumber:

1. Wikipedia

2. Nobel Prize Org.

Ucapan Terima Kasih:

1. DEPDIKNAS Republik Indonesia

2. Kementrian Riset dan Teknologi Indonesia

3. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI)

4. Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia

5. Tim Olimpiade Fisika Indonesia

Disusun Ulang Oleh: 

Arip Nurahman

Pendidikan Fisika, FPMIPA, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
&
Follower Open Course Ware at MIT-Harvard University, USA.

Semoga Bermanfaat dan Terima Kasih

How Indonesian People Get Nobel Prize in The Future

Central for Research and Development for Winning

Nobel Prize in Physics at Indonesia

Nobel Fisika Indonesia

(Belajar Kepada Profesor Einstein)

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921

"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"

Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein in 1921
Born	14 March 1879(1879-03-14) Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, German Empire
Died	18 April 1955(1955-04-18) (aged 76) Princeton, New Jersey, United States
Residence	Germany, Italy, Switzerland, United States
Ethnicity	Jewish
Citizenship	Württemberg/Germany (until 1896) Stateless (1896–1901) Switzerland (from 1901) Austria (1911–12) Germany (1914–33) United States (from 1940)[1]
Alma mater	ETH Zurich University of Zurich
Known for	General relativity and special relativity Photoelectric effect Mass-energy equivalence Quantification of the Brownian motion Einstein field equations Bose–Einstein statistics Unified Field Theory
Spouse	Mileva Marić (1903–1919) Elsa Löwenthal, née Einstein, (1919–1936)
Awards	Nobel Prize in Physics (1921) Copley Medal (1925) Max Planck Medal (1929) Time Person of the Century
Signature

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921

• Presentation Speech

Albert Einstein

• Biography
• Nobel Lecture
• Documentary
• Photo Gallery
• Banquet Speech
• Other Resources

See Also

Frequently asked questions about Albert Einstein 

Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, in the Kingdom of Württemberg in the German Empire on 14 March 1879.^[7] His father was Hermann Einstein, a salesman and engineer. His mother was Pauline Einstein (née Koch). In 1880, the family moved to Munich, where his father and his uncle founded Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie, a company that manufactured electrical equipment based on direct current.^[7]

The Einsteins were non-observant Jews. Albert attended a Catholic elementary school from the age of five for three years. Later, at the age of eight, Einstein was transferred to the Luitpold Gymnasium where he received advanced primary and secondary school education till he left Germany seven years later.^[8] Although it has been thought that Einstein had early speech difficulties, this is disputed by the Albert Einstein Archives, and he excelled at the first school that he attended.^[9]

His father once showed him a pocket compass; Einstein realized that there must be something causing the needle to move, despite the apparent "empty space".^[10] As he grew, Einstein built models and mechanical devices for fun and began to show a talent for mathematics.^[7] In 1889, Max Talmud (later changed to Max Talmey) introduced the ten-year old Einstein to key texts in science, mathematics and philosophy, including Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason and Euclid's Elements (which Einstein called the "holy little geometry book").^[11] Talmud was a poor Jewish medical student from Poland. The Jewish community arranged for Talmud to take meals with the Einsteins each week on Thursdays for six years. During this time Talmud wholeheartedly guided Einstein through many secular educational interests.^{[fn 1][fn 2]}

In 1894, his father's company failed: direct current (DC) lost the War of Currents to alternating current (AC). In search of business, the Einstein family moved to Italy, first to Milan and then, a few months later, to Pavia. When the family moved to Pavia, Einstein stayed in Munich to finish his studies at the Luitpold Gymnasium. His father intended for him to pursue electrical engineering, but Einstein clashed with authorities and resented the school's regimen and teaching method. He later wrote that the spirit of learning and creative thought were lost in strict rote learning. In the spring of 1895, he withdrew to join his family in Pavia, convincing the school to let him go by using a doctor's note.^[7] During this time, Einstein wrote his first scientific work, "The Investigation of the State of Aether in Magnetic Fields".^[14]

Einstein applied directly to the Eidgenössische Polytechnische Schule (ETH) in Zurich, Switzerland. Lacking the requisite Matura certificate, he took an entrance examination, which he failed, although he got exceptional marks in mathematics and physics.^[15] The Einsteins sent Albert to Aarau, in northern Switzerland to finish secondary school.^[7] While lodging with the family of Professor Jost Winteler, he fell in love with Winteler's daughter, Marie. (His sister Maja later married the Wintelers' son, Paul.)^[16] In Aarau, Einstein studied Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. At age 17, he graduated, and, with his father's approval, renounced his citizenship in the German Kingdom of Württemberg to avoid military service, and in 1896 he enrolled in the four year mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Polytechnic in Zurich. Marie Winteler moved to Olsberg, Switzerland for a teaching post.

Einstein's future wife, Mileva Marić, also enrolled at the Polytechnic that same year, the only woman among the six students in the mathematics and physics section of the teaching diploma course. Over the next few years, Einstein and Marić's friendship developed into romance, and they read books together on extra-curricular physics in which Einstein was taking an increasing interest. In 1900 Einstein was awarded the Zurich Polytechnic teaching diploma, but Marić failed the examination with a poor grade in the mathematics component, theory of functions.^[17] There have been claims that Marić collaborated with Einstein on his celebrated 1905 papers,^[18][19] but historians of physics who have studied the issue find no evidence that she made any substantive contributions.^{[20][21][22][23]}

Masa muda dan universitas

Einstein dilahirkan di Ulm di Württemberg, Jerman; sekitar 100 km sebelah timur Stuttgart. Bapaknya bernama Hermann Einstein, seorang penjual ranjang bulu yang kemudian menjalani pekerjaan elektrokimia, dan ibunya bernama Pauline. Mereka menikah di Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt. Keluarga mereka keturunan Yahudi; Albert disekolahkan di sekolah Katholik dan atas keinginan ibunya dia diberi pelajaran biola.

Pada umur lima tahun, ayahnya menunjukkan kompas kantung, dan Einstein menyadari bahwa sesuatu di ruang yang "kosong" ini beraksi terhadap jarum di kompas tersebut; dia kemudian menjelaskan pengalamannya ini sebagai salah satu saat yang paling menggugah dalam hidupnya. Meskipun dia membuat model dan alat mekanik sebagai hobi, dia dianggap sebagai pelajar yang lambat, kemungkinan disebabkan oleh dyslexia, sifat pemalu, atau karena struktur yang jarang dan tidak biasa pada otaknya (diteliti setelah kematiannya). Dia kemudian diberikan penghargaan untuk teori relativitasnya karena kelambatannya ini, dan berkata dengan berpikir dalam tentang ruang dan waktu dari anak-anak lainnya, dia mampu mengembangkan kepandaian yang lebih berkembang. Pendapat lainnya, berkembang belakangan ini, tentang perkembangan mentalnya adalah dia menderita Sindrom Asperger, sebuah kondisi yang berhubungan dengan autisme.

Einstein mulai belajar matematika pada umur dua belas tahun. Ada gosip bahwa dia gagal dalam matematika dalam jenjang pendidikannya, tetapi ini tidak benar; penggantian dalam penilaian membuat bingung pada tahun berikutnya. Dua pamannya membantu mengembangkan ketertarikannya terhadap dunia intelek pada masa akhir kanak-kanaknya dan awal remaja dengan memberikan usulan dan buku tentang sains dan matematika.

Pada tahun 1894, dikarenakan kegagalan bisnis elektrokimia ayahnya, Einstein pindah dari Munich ke Pavia, Italia (dekat kota Milan). Albert tetap tinggal untuk menyelesaikan sekolah, menyelesaikan satu semester sebelum bergabung kembali dengan keluarganya di Pavia.

Kegagalannya dalam seni liberal dalam tes masuk Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (Institut Teknologi Swiss Federal, di Zurich) pada tahun berikutnya adalah sebuah langkah mundur dia oleh keluarganya dikirim ke Aarau, Swiss, untuk menyelesaikan sekolah menengahnya, di mana dia menerima diploma pada tahun 1896, Einstein beberapa kali mendaftar di Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule. Pada tahun berikutnya dia melepas kewarganegaraan Württemberg, dan menjadi tak bekewarganegaraan.

Pada 1898, Einstein menemui dan jatuh cinta kepada Mileva Marić, seorang Serbia yang merupakan teman kelasnya (juga teman Nikola Tesla). Pada tahun 1900, dia diberikan gelar untuk mengajar oleh Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule dan diterima sebagai warga negara Swiss pada 1901. Selama masa ini Einstein mendiskusikan ketertarikannya terhadap sains kepada teman-teman dekatnya, termasuk Mileva. Dia dan Mileva memiliki seorang putri bernama Lieserl, lahir dalam bulan Januari tahun 1902. Lieserl Einstein, pada waktu itu, dianggap tidak legal karena orang tuanya tidak menikah.

Kerja dan Gelar Doktor

Albert Einstein, 1905

Pada saat kelulusannya Einstein tidak dapat menemukan pekerjaan mengajar, keterburuannya sebagai orang muda yang mudah membuat marah professornya. Ayah seorang teman kelas menolongnya mendapatkan pekerjaan sebagai asisten teknik pemeriksa di Kantor Paten Swiss pada tahun 1902. Di sana, Einstein menilai aplikasi paten penemu untuk alat yang memerlukan pengetahuan fisika. Dia juga belajar menyadari pentingnya aplikasi dibanding dengan penjelasan yang buruk, dan belajar dari direktur bagaimana "menjelaskan dirinya secara benar". Dia kadang-kadang membetulkan desain mereka dan juga mengevaluasi kepraktisan hasil kerja mereka.

Einstein menikahi Mileva pada 6 Januari 1903. Pernikahan Einstein dengan Mileva, seorang matematikawan. Pada 14 Mei 1904, anak pertama dari pasangan ini, Hans Albert Einstein, lahir. Pada 1904, posisi Einstein di Kantor Paten Swiss menjadi tetap. Dia mendapatkan gelar doktor setelah menyerahkan thesis "Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen" ("On a new determination of molecular dimensions") pada tahun 1905 dari Universitas Zürich.

Di tahun yang sama dia menulis empat artikel yang memberikan dasar fisika modern, tanpa banyak sastra sains yang dapat ia tunjuk atau banyak kolega dalam sains yang dapat ia diskusikan tentang teorinya. Banyak fisikawan setuju bahwa ketiga thesis itu (tentang gerak Brownian), efek fotolistrik, dan relativitas khusus) pantas mendapat Penghargaan Nobel. Tetapi hanya thesis tentang efek fotoelektrik yang mendapatkan penghargaan tersebut. Ini adalah sebuah ironi, bukan hanya karena Einstein lebih tahu banyak tentang relativitas, tetapi juga karena efek fotoelektrik adalah sebuah fenomena kuantum, dan Einstein menjadi terbebas dari jalan dalam teori kuantum. Yang membuat thesisnya luar biasa adalah, dalam setiap kasus, Einstein dengan yakin mengambil ide dari teori fisika ke konsekuensi logis dan berhasil menjelaskan hasil eksperimen yang membingungkan para ilmuwan selama beberapa dekade.

Dia menyerahkan thesis-thesisnya ke "Annalen der Physik". Mereka biasanya ditujukan kepada "Annus Mirabilis Papers" (dari Latin: Tahun luar biasa). Persatuan Fisika Murni dan Aplikasi (IUPAP) merencanakan untuk merayakan 100 tahun publikasi pekerjaan Einstein di tahun 1905 sebagai Tahun Fisika 2005.

External links

• Works by Albert Einstein (public domain in Canada)
• The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland, April 1997, retrieved 14 June 2009
• Why Socialism? by Albert Einstein, Monthly Review, May 1949
• FBI file on Albert Einstein
• Nobelprize.org Biography:Albert Einstein
• The Einstein You Never Knew – slideshow by Life magazine
• Albert Einstein--Watch Videos
• Science Odyssey People And Discoveries
• MIT OpenCourseWare STS.042J / 8.225J : Einstein, Oppenheimer, Feynman: Physics in the 20th Century Free, independent study course that explores the changing roles of physics and physicists during the 20th century.

Sumber:

1. Wikipedia

2. Nobel Prize Org.

Ucapan Terima Kasih:

1. DEPDIKNAS Republik Indonesia

2. Kementrian Riset dan Teknologi Indonesia

3. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI)

4. Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia

5. Tim Olimpiade Fisika Indonesia

Disusun Ulang Oleh: 

Arip Nurahman

Pendidikan Fisika, FPMIPA, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
&
Follower Open Course Ware at MIT-Harvard University, USA.

Semoga Bermanfaat dan Terima Kasih