Menjadi Bangsa Superpower dalam Bidang Energi

“Kemerdekaan Indonesia bukan saja soal kemerdekaan politik, ekonomi dan budaya tapi soal bagaimana menjadikan manusia yang didalamnya hidup terhormat dan terjamin kesejahteraannya, pendidikan harus dimajukan, ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi segera diterapkan. Gotong royong, keramahan dan kekuatan kebaikan seluruh rakyat jua mesti terus dipelihara”
~A.N.~

In the context of physical sciences, several forms of energy have been defined.


These include:

• Thermal energy
• Chemical energy
• Electric energy
• Radiant energy, the energy of electromagnetic radiation
• Nuclear energy
• Magnetic energy
• Elastic energy
• Sound energy
• Mechanical energy
• Luminous energy
• Mass (E=mc²)

These forms of energy may be divided into two main groups; kinetic energy and potential energy. Other familiar types of energy are a varying mix of both potential and kinetic energy.

Kinetic energy is the work required to accelerate an object to a given speed. These values are expressed as:

Special Relativistic mechanics


At speeds approaching the speed of light c, this work must be calculated using Lorentz transformations, and applying mass and energy conservation, which results in the following:

where

is the lorentz factor.


Here the two terms on the right hand side are identified with the total energy and the rest energy of the object, respectively. This equation reduces to the one above it, at small (compared to c) speed. The kinetic energy is zero at v=0 (when γ = 1), so that at rest, the total energy is the rest energy. So a mass at rest in some inertial reference frame has a corresponding amount of rest energy equal to:

All masses at rest have a tremendous amount of energy, due to the proportionality factor of c².

The Electric Potential Energy 

The electric potential energy of given configuration of charges is defined as the work which must be done against the Coulomb force to rearrange charges from infinite separation to this configuration (or the work done by the Coulomb force separating the charges from this configuration to infinity). For two point-like charges Q₁ and Q₂ at a distance r this work, and hence electric potential energy is equal to:

where ε₀ is the electric constant of a vacuum, 10⁷/4πc₀² or 8.854188… × 10⁻¹² F m⁻¹ In terms of electrostatic potential (ϕ for absolute, V for difference in potential), again by definition, electrostatic potential energy is given by:

.

If the charge is accumulated in a capacitor (of capacitance C), the reference configuration is usually selected not to be infinite separation of charges, but vice versa - charges at an extremely close proximity to each other (so there is zero net charge on each plate of a capacitor). The justification for this choice is purely practical it is easier to measure both voltage difference and magnitude of charges on a capacitor plates not versus infinite separation of charges but rather versus discharged capacitor where charges return to close proximity to each other (electrons and ions recombine making the plates neutral). In this case the work and thus the electric potential energy becomes:

,

(different forms obtained using the definition of capacitance).


Menyusun Strategi dan Kebijakan Kemerdekaan Energi Indonesia

Saat ini, total penyediaan energi nasional mencapai 1.177 juta setara barel minyak. Sumber energi yang digunakan pun masih sangat didominasi oleh bahan bakar fosil yaitu 95 persen. Energi terbarukan masih dipandang sebagai energi alternatif, dimana pemanfaatannya hanya 5 persen dari total penyediaan energi nasional.

Indonesia ini tidak hanya berhadapan dengan kolonialisme tapi berhadapan dengan suatu penjajahan model baru seperti modal asing yang memperbudak bangsa Indonesia. Kita ingin modal asing ini dikelola dan diseimbangkan dengan kekuatan rakyat, kekuatan bangsa sendiri.

Bangsa kita harus bisa maju, harus berdaulat di segala bidang, apalagi sumber energi kita punya melimpah ruah. Coba kita susun strategi dan  kebijakan agar bangsa ini merdeka dalam pengelolaan energi. 

Semangat Indonesia

Amin 

Renewable Energy Sources

"Penulis sedang memikirkan bagaimana cara mengoptimalkan Energi Terbarukan di Tanah Air Indonesia"

~Lokasi Gunung Tangkuban Parahu~

Intro:

Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources—such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat—which are renewable (naturally replenished). In 2006, about 18% of global final energy consumption came from renewables, with 13% coming from traditional biomass, such as wood-burning. Hydroelectricity was the next largest renewable source, providing 3% (15% of global electricity generaiton ), followed by solar hot water/heating, which contributed 1.3%. Modern technologies, such as geothermal energy, wind power, solar power, and ocean energy together provided some 0.8% of final energy consumption.

Climate change concerns coupled with high oil prices, peak oil and increasing government support are driving increasing renewable energy legislation, incentives and commercialization. European Union leaders reached an agreement in principle in March 2007 that 20 percent of their nations' energy should be produced from renewable fuels by 2020, as part of its drive to cut emissions of carbon dioxide, blamed in part for global warming. Investment capital flowing into renewable energy climbed from $80 billion in 2005 to a record $100 billion in 2006.

Energy and The Future

If we are use renewable energy sources in the future, we must develop them now. In the early nineteenth century, the power base for most of the world was wood, a renewable energy source. 

Forests cannot grow fast enough to provide fuel for people's varied needs today, so the renewable sources on which we used to depend will no longer suffice. In this note we shall discusss harnessing energy from other renewable sources; Sunlight, Rivers and Streams, Geothermal Energy, the tides, the wind, Nuclear, and Bioenergy or the burning of garbage.

1. Solar Energy/Sunlight; If we could trap, concentrate, and store solar energy, human power needs would be fulfilled. Solar energy can be used either directly as heat or more indirectly for the production of electricity. Small-scale solar heaters are relatively cheap to build and are in common use in many parts of the world for water and space heating.

2. Hydroelectric Energy from Rivers and Streams; The sun evaporates water at sea level and the winds bring it to the mountains, where it collects into streams with potential to fall and release energy. Thus, hydroelectric energy is an indirect form of solar energy. As more sites are exploited, more power will be tapped by harnessing falling water. 

3. Geothermal Energy; Energy derived from the heat of the earth's crust, called geothermal energy, has gained increased attention in the past few years. In various places on the globe, such as in the hot springs and geysers of Tangkuban Parahu in Bandung or Kawah Kamojang in Garut, hot water is produced near the surface. 

4. Energy from the Tides; The force of the tides as a source of power has long intrigued man. Imagine a turbine that is immersed in the sea near shore. Electricity could be generated as the tides turn the turbine blades, but the output for a single generator would be small. Moreover, lining the coast with millions of small generators would be uneconomical. An alternative practical solution is to build a tidal dam across a bay or estuary where there is a large rise and fall of the tides. By damming and funneling the water, significant concentrations and economical power output can be realized. 

5. Energy from the Wind; The power of wind has been used since antiquity to pump water and grind grain. Construction of large-scale electric generating stations of this type would pose serious engineering problems because of their huge size, but small windmills as an auxiliary source of home electricity would be economical and would conserve other sources of power. 

6. Nuclear Energy; Man's first use of nuclear energy was for weapons. But the Manhattan project that led to the development of the atomic bomb during World War II also resulted in the development of several nuclear reactors to manufacture Uranium and Plutonium. Nuclear power come from two reactions Fission and Fusion. 

7. Bioenergy and Energy from the Burning of Garbage; Another practical proposal is to burn garbage as a renewable energy source, we called it PLTSA (Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Sampah). Bioenergy is a source of power from organic matter such as biogas. 

Sources: 

1. Jonathan Turk, Ph.D. 

2. Amos Turk, Ph.D.

3. Arip Nurahman Notes

4. Physics Research Consulting 

Physical Science with Environmental and Other Practical Applications.

Energy and The Future

Membangun Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi

Kawah Gunung Tangkuban Parahu, Bandung, Jawa Barat. Indonesia

Intro:

Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi adalah Pembangkit Listrik (Power generator) yang menggunakan Panas bumi (Geothermal) sebagai energi penggeraknya. Indonesia dikaruniai sumber panas Bumi yang berlimpah karena banyaknya gunung berapi di indonesia, dari pulau-pulau besar yang ada, hanya pulau Kalimantan saja yang tidak mempunyai potensi panas Bumi.

Untuk membangkitkan listrik dengan panas Bumi dilakukan dengan mengebor tanah di daerah yang berpotensi panas Bumi untuk membuat lubang gas panas yang akan dimanfaatkan untuk memanaskan ketel uap (boiler) sehingga uapnya bisa menggerakkan turbin uap yang tersambung ke Generator.

Untuk panas Bumi yang mempunyai tekanan tinggi, dapat langsung memutar turbin generator, setelah uap yang keluar dibersihkan terlebih dahulu. Pembangkit listrik tenaga panas Bumi termasuk sumber Energi terbaharui.

Geothermal Energy

Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature of matter. The Geothermal energy of the Earth's crust originates from the original formation of the planet (20%) and from radioactive decay of minerals (80%). The geothermal gradient, which is the difference in temperature between the core of the planet and its surface, drives a continuous conduction of thermal energy in the form of heat from the core to the surface. 

The adjective geothermal originates from the Greek roots γη (ge), meaning earth, and θερμος (thermos), meaning hot. At the core of the Earth, thermal energy is created by radioactive decay and temperatures may reach over 5000 degrees Celsius (9,000 degrees Fahrenheit). Heat conducts from the core to surrounding cooler rock. The high temperature and pressure cause some rock to melt, creating magma convection upward since it is lighter than the solid rock. 

The magma heats rock and water in the crust, sometimes up to 370 degrees Celsius (700 degrees Fahrenheit). From hot springs, geothermal energy has been used for bathing since Paleolithic times and for space heating since ancient Roman times, but it is now better known for electricity generation. Worldwide, about 10,715 megawatts (MW) of geothermal power is online in 24 countries. 

An additional 28 gigawatts of direct geothermal heating capacity is installed for district heating, space heating, spas, industrial processes, desalination and agricultural applications. 

Geothermal power is cost effective, reliable, sustainable, and environmentally friendly, but has historically been limited to areas near tectonic plate boundaries. Recent technological advances have dramatically expanded the range and size of viable resources, especially for applications such as home heating, opening a potential for widespread exploitation. Geothermal wells release greenhouse gases trapped deep within the earth, but these emissions are much lower per energy unit than those of fossil fuels. 

As a result, geothermal power has the potential to help mitigate global warming if widely deployed in place of fossil fuels. Direct application In the geothermal industry, low temperature means temperatures of 300 °F (149 °C) or less. Low-temperature geothermal resources are typically used in direct-use applications, such as district heating, greenhouses, fisheries, mineral recovery, and industrial process heating. However, some low-temperature resources can generate electricity using binary cycle electricity generating technology. 

Approximately 70 countries made direct use of 270 petajoules (PJ) of geothermal heating in 2004. More than half went for space heating, and another third for heated pools. The remainder supported industrial and agricultural applications. Global installed capacity was 28 GW, but capacity factors tend to be low (30% on average) since heat is mostly needed in winter. 

The above figures are dominated by 88 PJ of space heating extracted by an estimated 1.3 million geothermal heat pumps with a total capacity of 15 GW. Heat pumps for home heating are the fastest-growing means of exploiting geothermal energy, with a global annual growth rate of 30% in energy production. 

Direct heating is far more efficient than electricity generation and places less demanding temperature requirements on the heat resource. Heat may come from co-generation via a geothermal electrical plant or from smaller wells or heat exchangers buried in shallow ground. As a result, geothermal heating is economic at many more sites than geothermal electricity generation. Where natural hot springs or geysers are available, the heated water can be piped directly into radiators. If the ground is hot but dry, earth tubes or down hole heat exchangers can collect the heat. 

But even in areas where the ground is colder than room temperature, heat can still be extracted with a geothermal heat pump more cost-effectively and cleanly than by conventional furnaces. These devices draw on much shallower and colder resources than traditional geothermal techniques, and they frequently combine a variety of functions, including air conditioning, seasonal energy storage, solar energy collection, and electric heating. 

Geothermal heat pumps can be used for space heating essentially anywhere. Geothermal heat supports many applications. District heating applications use networks of piped hot water to heat many buildings across entire communities. More than 72 countries have reported direct use of geothermal energy, Iceland being the world leader. 93% of its homes are heated with geothermal energy, saving Iceland over $100 million annually in avoided oil imports. Reykjavík, Iceland has the biggest district heating system on the globe. Once known as the most polluted city in the world, it is now one of the cleanest due to geothermal energy. 

Enhanced Geothermal System

1:Reservoir, 2:Pump House 

3:Heat Exchanger, 4:Turbine Hall 

5:Production Well, 6:Injection Well 

7:Hot Water to District Heating, 8:Porous Sediments 

9:Observation Well, 10:Crystalline Bedrock

Potensi Energi Panas Bumi di Indonesia 

Salah satu potensi sumber energi terbesar di Indonesia adalah energi panas bumi. Indonesia setidaknya menyimpan 28.994 MWe (megawatt-elektrikal) potensi panas bumi, namun hingga saat ini hanya sekitar 4 % atau 1,2 MWe yang telah dimanfaatkan. Jumlah ini masih sangat jauh jika dibandingkan dengan Filipina yang telah mengeksplorasi hingga 70% dari total potensi panas buminya. 

Badan Survey Geologi Kolonial Belanda (DGCS) pertama kali memetakan potensi energi panas bumi di awal abad 20. Pada tahun 1969 eskplorasi lebih lanjut dilakukan oleh Survey Geologi Indonesia. Pada tahun 2011 tercatat dari sekitar 276 area geothermal di Indonesia, 37 diantaranya merupakan area pertambangan (WKP [Wilayah Kerja Pertambangan]) dengan potensi panas bumi sebesar 7.376 MWe. 

Semakin pesatnya pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia menyebabkan adanya peningkatan kebutuhan energi, sementara hingga saat ini, Indonesia masih sangat bergantung pada sumber energi fosil. Jika hal ini terus terjadi, maka diperkirakan 2 atau 3 dekade yang akan datang, akan terjadi krisis energi yang semakin parah. 

Potensi geothermal di Indonesia tidak hanya mengingat cadangannya yang sangat besar, namun juga pertimbangan ekonomi dan ketahanan energi nasional jika sektor ini bisa dikembangkan dan dikelola dengan baik. Pengurangan emisi yang bersumber dari pembakaran sumber energi fosil dan pengurangan beban subsidi energi dapat dilakukan. 

Geothermal yang bersifat site specific sangat menguntungkan mengingat sifatnya yang tidak dapat disimpan dan tidak dapat ditransportasikan dalam jarak yang jauh membuat sumber ini tidak dapat menjadi komoditi ekspor, sehingga akan lebih stabil dan terhindar dari fluktuasi harga energi di dunia. Keuntungan lain dari pemanfaatan geothermal adalah rendahnya emisi yang dihasilkan. 

Beberapa studi menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan kapasitas geothermal dapat mengurangi tingkat emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK) terutama CO2. Menurut laporan WWF’s Ring of Fire Geothermal Scenario, potensi geothermal diperkirakan dapat mengurangi emisi tahunan hingga 13,6 juta ton CO2 pada tahun 2015 dan 19,8 juta ton pada tahun 2020.

"Potensi Energi Panas Bumi di Indonesia adalah 40% dari Kapasitas Total Energi Panas Bumi Dunia jika kita mampu mengoptimalkan energi ini maka Insha Allah Bangsa ini akan menuai Kemerdekaan  Energi"

~Arip Nurahman~

Sources: 

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_energy
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_electricity
3. http://www.ebtke.esdm.go.id/
4. Arip Nurahman Notes

Ucapan Terima Kasih Kepada:

Sahabat-sahabatku:

Ridwan Firdaus (Geografi Universitas Negeri Jakarta), Ade Akhyar Nurdin (Teknik Geologi Universitas Jendral Soedirman), Widia Prima (Teknik Sipil, Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Garut), Deni Nugraha (Ilmu Pemerintahan STISIP Banjar), Ismail Muhammad S. (Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian Universitas Jendral Soedirman), Farid Waliyuddin R. (Sekolah Tinggi Akuntansi Negara), Muhlaso Dian A. (Institute Pemerintahan Dalam Negeri).

Kepada FORSALIM

Dan semua alumni "paguron mosque keeper" Manbaul Ulum SMAN 1 Banjar

Photo by: Kang Agus Haeruman, S.Si.