Masa Depan Pengembangan Reaktor Riset dan PLTN di Indonesia

“The discovery of nuclear reactions need not bring about the destruction of mankind 
any more than the discovery of matches”

~ Albert Einstein~

 Forum for Nuclear Cooperation in Asia (FNCA)
13th Ministerial Level Meeting

Semua orang mungkin paham bahwa nuklir merupakan salah satu teknologi tinggi buah karya anak manusia. Penguasaan sebuah negara terhadap teknologi tinggi dapat menjadi indikator kemajuan negara yang bersangkutan. Hampir semua negara maju di dunia saat ini menguasai dan memiliki keunggulan teknologi maju.

Teknologi maju mendorong manusia untuk memecahkan berbagai persoalan yang dihadapi secara lebih cepat, efektif, dan efisien. Dengan demikian, teknologi menjadi pemercepat pencapaian kesejahteraan sebuah bangsa. Perkenalan manusia dengan pengetahuan nuklir diawali dengan pengungkapan fenomena radioativitas ketika fisikawan Prancis, Antonie Henry Becquerel, menemukan unsur uranium pada 1896. Dari pengamatannya diketahui bahwa unsur uranium memancarkan radiasi yang dapat menghitamkan pelat film fotografi.

Gejala pemancaran radiasi dari suatu unsur yang tidak stabil selanjutnya dikenal sebagai radioaktivitas sedangkan unsur yang memancarkan radiasi disebut zat radioaktif atau radionuklida. Dalam perkembangan lebih lanjut, diketahui oleh Otto Hahn dan Fritz Strassmann pada 1938, unsur U-235 dapat mengalami reaksi fisi atau pembelahan inti atom berantai apabila ditembaki dengan netron termal.

Peristiwa inilah yang mendasari penemuan bom nuklir dan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir (PLTN).

Bom nuklir terjadi apabila reaksi fisi yang terjadi secara sengaja tidak dikendalikan. Adapun di dalam sistem PLTN, reaksi fisi yang terjadi dikendalikan sedemikian rupa sehingga energi yang dibangkitkan dapat dimanfaatkan untuk menghasilkan listrik.

Dewasa ini telah beroperasi 430 PLTN di seluruh dunia yang beroperasi di 32 negara. Nuklir memberikan kontribusi listrik dunia mencapai 16 persen, sebuah angka yang sangat signifikan. Keunggulan nuklir dibandingkan pembangkit listrik yang lain adalah bahan bakar yang hemat dengan harga yang cukup stabil, serta zero greenhouse gases emmission.

The Hon. Prof. Dr. Gusti Muhammad HATTA, the State Minister for Research and Technology, the Ministry of Research and Technology of Indonesia, delivered the opening welcoming remarks, in which he expressed welcome to all the participants, and emphasized the importance of regional cooperation through FNCA.

The Hon. Mr. Shinkun HAKU

The Hon. Prof. Dr. Gusti Muhammad HATTA

The Hon. Mr. Shinkun HAKU, Senior Vice-Minister of Japan, delivered the address as Co-chair in which he mentioned appreciation for joining FNCA MM meeting and introduced the current status Japanese nuclear policy in light of the experience at the TEPCO'S Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (hereafter "the Fukushima accident"). 

Masa Depan Pengembangan Reaktor Riset di Indonesia


Research reactors are nuclear reactors that serve primarily as a neutron source. They are also called non-power reactors, in contrast to power reactors that are used for electricity production, heat generation, or maritime propulsion.

Purpose 
 
The neutrons produced by a research reactor are used for neutron scattering, non-destructive testing, analysis and testing of materials, production of radioisotopes, research and public outreach and education. Research reactors that produce radioisotopes for medical or industrial use are sometimes called isotope reactors. Reactors that are optimised for beamline experiments nowadays compete with spallation sources.

Technical Aspects
 

Research reactors are simpler than power reactors and operate at lower temperatures. They need far less fuel, and far less fission products build up as the fuel is used. On the other hand, their fuel requires more highly enriched uranium, typically up to 20% U-235, although some use 93% U-235; while 20% enrichment is not generally considered usable in nuclear weapons, 93% is commonly referred to as "weapons grade".

They also have a very high power density in the core, which requires special design features. Like power reactors, the core needs cooling, typically natural or forced convection with water, and a moderator is required to slow down the neutrons and enhance fission. As neutron production is their main function, most research reactors benefit from reflectors to reduce neutron loss from the core.

Componets

The key components common to most types of nuclear power plants are:

• Nuclear fuel
• Nuclear reactor core
• Neutron moderator
• Neutron poison
• Neutron howitzer (provides steady source of neutrons to re-initiate reaction following shutdown)
• Coolant (often the Neutron Moderator and the Coolant are the same, usually both purified water)
• Control rods
• Reactor vessel
• Boiler feedwater pump
• Steam generators (not in BWRs)
• Steam turbine
• Electrical generator
• Condenser
• Cooling tower (not always required)
• Radwaste System (a section of the plant handling radioactive waste)
• Refueling Floor
• Spent fuel pool
• Nuclear safety systems
  • Reactor Protective System (RPS)
  • Emergency Diesel Generators
  • Emergency Core Cooling Systems (ECCS)
  • Standby Liquid Control System (emergency boron injection, in BWRs only)
• Essential service water system (ESWS)
• Containment building
• Control room
• Emergency Operations Facility
• Nuclear training facility (usually contains a Control Room simulator)

Bagaimana Pengembangan Reaktor Riset di Indonesia? 

Inilah topik bahasan dalam acara “Diskusi Perekayasaan Reaktor Inovatif”  yang diselenggarakan oleh Forum Group Diskusi Reaktor Riset dan Reaktor Daya - BATAN pada 21 dan 22 Desember 2012 di PTNBR BATAN Bandung.

Kegiatan yang di selenggarakan oleh Pusat Rekayasa Perangkat Nuklir (PRPN) bekerja sama dengan Pusat Teknologi Nuklir Bahan dan Radiometri (PTNBR) BATAN diikuti oleh lebih dari 30 orang praktisi Reaktor dari 10 satuan kerja yang ada di BATAN.

Kepala BATAN Prof. Dr. Djarot Sulistio Wisnubroto, berharap para peneliti di bidang reaktor dapat terus mengembangkan penelitian dan inovasi baru yang berkaitan dengan pemanfaatan reaktor riset dan reaktor daya demi untuk kemajuan Indonesia.

Kegiatan diskusi pada hari pertama diisi dengan presentasi dari peneliti-peneliti bidang reaktor yang terkait dengan pemanfaatan dan pengembangan reaktor riset dalam berbagai hal. Diawali dengan “Pembelajaran dari Strategi Pengembangan Reaktor Riset di negara Jepang, Korea dan Cina serta tren perkembangan Teknologi Reaktor Dunia” yang disampaikan oleh PRPN BATAN.

Kemudian pembahasan mengenai status dari 3 buah reaktor riset yang ada di Indonesia (Reaktor TRIGA 2000 Bandung, Reaktor Kartini Yogyakarta dan Reaktor G.A. Siwabessy, Serpong).

Dibahas pula mengenai pemanfaatan reaktor riset untuk produksi radioisotop dan radiofarmaka, serta karakterisasi dan uji material nuklir. Yang tak kalah penting adalah pembahasan tentang perkembangan teknologi Reaktor riset, design reaktor riset, trend teknologi reaktor riset, teknologi bahan bakar reaktor riset serta prakiraan teknologi reaktor riset di masa mendatang.

Pada hari kedua, kegiatan diskusi diawali dengan presentasi tentang “Perkembangan Dunia dalam Litbang Reaktor Daya” oleh PTRKN dan PRPN. Dilanjutkan dengan “status Perkembangan IFAR” (PTRKN), “Status Perkembangan Sistem Energi Nuklir Indonesia” (PPEN), “Status Perkembangan NESA Indonesia” (PTBN), “Status Litbang BBN RTT dan program mendatang” (PTAPB), serta “Status Litbang Pemrosesan Mineral Bahan Nuklir” (PPGN).

Akhirnya kegiatan diskusi selama 2 hari ini ditutup oleh Deputi PDT, Dr. Anhar Riza Antariksawan.


Sejarah Singkat Program Pembangunan PLTN di Indonesia 
      
Sampai saat ini Indonesia belum berhasil membangun Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir (PLTN), sehingga belum ada sebuahpun PLTN yang dapat dioperasikan untuk mengurangi beban kebutuhan energi listrik yang saat ini semakin meningkat di Indonesia. Padahal energi nuklir saat ini di dunia sudah cukup berkembang dengan menguasai pangsa sekitar 16% listrik dunia.

Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa energi nuklir adalah sumber energi potensial, berteknologi tinggi, berkeselamatan handal, ekonomis, dan berwawasan lingkungan, serta merupakan sumber energi alternatif yang layak untuk dipertimbangkan dalam Perencanaan Energi Jangka Panjang bagi Indonesia guna mendukung pembangunan yang berkelanjutan.

Reactor Types: Classifications

Nuclear Reactors are classified by several methods; a brief outline of these classification methods is provided.

Classification by type of nuclear reaction

• Nuclear fission. All commercial power reactors are based on nuclear fission. They generally use uranium and its product plutonium as nuclear fuel, though a thorium fuel cycle is also possible. Fission reactors can be divided roughly into two classes, depending on the energy of the neutrons that sustain the fission chain reaction:
  • Thermal reactors use slowed or thermal neutrons. Almost all current reactors are of this type. These contain neutron moderator materials that slow neutrons until their neutron temperature is thermalized, that is, until their kinetic energy approaches the average kinetic energy of the surrounding particles. Thermal neutrons have a far higher cross section (probability) of fissioning the fissile nuclei uranium-235, plutonium-239, and plutonium-241, and a relatively lower probability of neutron capture by uranium-238 (U-238) compared to the faster neutrons that originally result from fission, allowing use of low-enriched uranium or even natural uranium fuel. The moderator is often also the coolant, usually water under high pressure to increase the boiling point. These are surrounded by a reactor vessel, instrumentation to monitor and control the reactor, radiation shielding, and a containment building.
  • Fast neutron reactors use fast neutrons to cause fission in their fuel. They do not have a neutron moderator, and use less-moderating coolants. Maintaining a chain reaction requires the fuel to be more highly enriched in fissile material (about 20% or more) due to the relatively lower probability of fission versus capture by U-238. Fast reactors have the potential to produce less transuranic waste because all actinides are fissionable with fast neutrons, but they are more difficult to build and more expensive to operate. Overall, fast reactors are less common than thermal reactors in most applications. Some early power stations were fast reactors, as are some Russian naval propulsion units. Construction of prototypes is continuing (see fast breeder or generation IV reactors).
• Nuclear fusion. Fusion power is an experimental technology, generally with hydrogen as fuel. While not suitable for power production, Farnsworth-Hirsch fusors are used to produce neutron radiation.

Classification by moderator material

Used by thermal reactors:

• Graphite moderated reactors
• Water moderated reactors
  • Heavy water reactors
  • Light water moderated reactors (LWRs). Light water reactors use ordinary water to moderate and cool the reactors. When at operating temperature, if the temperature of the water increases, its density drops, and fewer neutrons passing through it are slowed enough to trigger further reactions. That negative feedback stabilizes the reaction rate. Graphite and heavy water reactors tend to be more thoroughly thermalised than light water reactors. Due to the extra thermalization, these types can use natural uranium/unenriched fuel.
• Light element moderated reactors. These reactors are moderated by lithium or beryllium.
  • Molten salt reactors (MSRs) are moderated by a light elements such as lithium or beryllium, which are constituents of the coolant/fuel matrix salts LiF and BeF₂.
  • Liquid metal cooled reactors, such as one whose coolant is a mixture of Lead and Bismuth, may use BeO as a moderator.
• Organically moderated reactors (OMR) use biphenyl and terphenyl as moderator and coolant.

Classification by generation

• Generation I reactor
• Generation II reactor (most current nuclear power plants)
• Generation III reactor (evolutionary improvements of existing designs)
• Generation IV reactor (technologies still under development)

The "Gen IV"-term was dubbed by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) for developing new plant types in 2000. In 2003, the French Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA) was the first to refer to Gen II types in Nucleonics Week; . First mentioning of Gen III was also in 2000 in conjunction with the launch of the Generation IV International Forum (GIF) plans.

Desain Maket Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir

Aplikasi Nuklir

BATAN sebagai lembaga pemerintah nonkementerian dalam kegiatan litbangyasa ketenaganukliran hingga saat ini sudah mengoperasikan tiga buah reaktor penelitian nuklir, masing-masing Reaktor Serba Guna GA Siwabessy di Serpong, Reaktor Triga 2000 di Bandung, dan Reaktor Kartini di Yogyakarta. Fokus litbangyasa Batan meliputi bidang energi (teknologi PLTN), aplikasi nuklir di bidang kesehatan, bidang pertanian, dan industri.

Dalam bidang pertanian, radiasi digunakan untuk pemuliaan benih tanaman (padi, kedelai, jarak pagar, kapas, dan pengawetan bahan makanan), serta pengendalian hama melalui teknik pemandulan. Di bidang kesehatan, tenaga nuklir telah banyak diaplikasikan untuk tujuan radiodiagnostik, radioterapi, dan kedokteran nuklir. Adapun aplikasi nuklir untuk industri di antaranya penggunaan radiografi industri (uji tak merusak material), well logging (penelusuran minyak bumi), iradiator industri, dan teknik perunutan.

Pada kesempatan 5 Desember 2012, BATAN telah menapaki 54 tahun perjalanan pengabdiannya. Banyak harapan dari berbagai kalangan untuk lebih mendayagunakan penguasaan dan penerapan teknologi nuklir guna turut mendorong percepatan pembangunan dan kesejahteraan rakyat.

Penguasaan nuklir bagi Indonesia bisa menjadi peluang untuk memajukan Indonesia sejajar dengan negara maju di dunia.

Sumber:

1. Kementrian Riset dan Teknologi
2. BATAN
3. IAEA
4. Portal Energi Wikipedia 
5. Forum for Nuclear Cooperation in Asia

Ucapan Terima Kasih

Kepada seluruh Dosen dan Guru Penulis, Kemenristek, BATAN dan Seluruh Ilmuwan Tanah Air.

Juga Kepada Keluarga dan Sahabat, Maju Terus Ilmu Pengetahuan dan teknologi Indonesia.

Kunjungi Sekolah Kami:

Nuclear Science & Technology School Nuklir Power sebagai pemercepat Kesejahteraan Umat Manusia.

http://nuclearscienceandtechnology.blogspot.com

Rencana Penelitian IPTEK Satelit dan Pesawat Antariksa

Saya mengajak kepada seluruh lapisan masyarakat, khususnya para tokoh dan cendekiawan di kampus‐kampus serta di lembaga‐lembaga kajian dan penelitian lain untuk secara serius merumuskan implementasi peran iptek dalam berbagai aspek kehidupan bangsa dalam konteks masa kini dan masa depan.

~Prof. Dr. Ing. Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie~

In the context of spaceflight, a satellite is an object which has been placed into orbit by human endeavour. Such objects are sometimes called artificial satellites to distinguish them from natural satellites such as the Moon.

The world's first artificial satellite, the Sputnik 1, was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. Since then, thousands of satellites have been launched into orbit around the Earth. Some satellites, notably space stations, have been launched in parts and assembled in orbit. Artificial satellites originate from more than 50 countries and have used the satellite launching capabilities of ten nations. 

A few hundred satellites are currently operational, whereas thousands of unused satellites and satellite fragments orbit the Earth as space debris. A fewspace probes have been placed into orbit around other bodies and become artificial satellites to the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars,Jupiter, Saturn, and the Sun.

Satellites are used for a large number of purposes. Common types include military and civilian Earth observation satellites,communications satellites, navigation satellites, weather satellites, and research satellites. Space stations and human spacecraft in orbit are also satellites. Satellite orbits vary greatly, depending on the purpose of the satellite, and are classified in a number of ways. Well-known (overlapping) classes include low Earth orbit, polar orbit, and geostationary orbit.

Satellites are usually semi-independent computer-controlled systems. Satellite subsystems attend many tasks, such as power generation, thermal control, telemetry, attitude control and orbit control.

Tahun 2025, LAPAN Yakin RI Luncurkan Satelit Secara Mandiri

Eksplorasi antariksa negara-negara maju sudah mencapai Planet Mars dan sedang menjajaki untuk mengeksplorasi asteroid dalam waktu beberapa tahun ke depan. Tak mau ketinggalan terlalu jauh, Indonesia rupanya kini mulai ikut mengembangkan teknologi untuk mengeksplorasi antariksa.

Langkah awalnya adalah dengan meluncurkan satelit secara mandiri. Target ini diharapkan bisa dicapai dalam kurun waktu belasan tahun mendatang.

"Tahun 2025, kita sudah akan bisa meluncurkan satelit sendiri. Setelah itu kita menuju program ke Bulan," kata Kepala Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional (LAPAN), Dr. Bambang S. Tedja.

Dia menerangkan program eksplorasi bulan akan menjadi patokan untuk eksplorasi tingkat lanjut. Ia yakin pada 2025, seiring dengan terwujudnya bandara antariksa nasional, Indonesia dapat meluncurkan satelit yang bakal mengorbit di ketinggian 650 kilometer.

"Kita bisa lah pada waktunya nanti. Apalagi tahun depan kami akan meluncurkan roket untuk ujicoba," ujar Dr. Bambang. 

Keyakinan tersebut didasarkan pada kesiapan LAPAN meluncurkan roket Sonda RX-550 tahun depan. Itu merupakan roket pendorong peluncuran satelit berukuran 6 meter, berdiameter 550 milimeter, dan berat 3 ton.

"Roket itu mampu mencapai ketinggian lebih dari 100 km, dan jangkauannya mencapai 300 km," katanya.

LAPAN telah melakukan uji statis roket RX-550 pada 2011 dan 2012. Uji statis merupakan pengujian di darat untuk mengetahui kinerja dan daya dorong roket saat tinggal landas. Pada 2013 dan 2014 RX-550 akan menjalani uji terbang masing-masing satu tingkat dan dua tingkat.

Meski optimistis pada 2025 nanti Indonesia akan mampu meluncurkan satelit secara mandiri, Bambang mengakui Indonesia harus mengatasi tantangan soal penempatan slot satelit di antariksa.

"Slot itu harus diiisi. Ini saja masih menjadi tantangan," katanya.

Jenis-jenis Satelit

• Anti-Satellite weapons/"Killer Satellites" are satellites that are designed to destroy enemy warheads, satellites, and other space assets.
• Astronomical satellites are satellites used for observation of distant planets, galaxies, and other outer space objects.
• Biosatellites are satellites designed to carry living organisms, generally for scientific experimentation.
• Communications satellites are satellites stationed in space for the purpose of telecommunications. Modern communications satellites typically use geosynchronous orbits, Molniya orbits or Low Earth orbits.
• Miniaturized satellites are satellites of unusually low masses and small sizes. New classifications are used to categorize these satellites: minisatellite (500–100 kg), microsatellite (below 100 kg), nanosatellite (below 10 kg).
• Navigational satellites are satellites which use radio time signals transmitted to enable mobile receivers on the ground to determine their exact location. The relatively clear line of sight between the satellites and receivers on the ground, combined with ever-improving electronics, allows satellite navigation systems to measure location to accuracies on the order of a few meters in real time.
• Reconnaissance satellites are Earth observation satellite or communications satellite deployed for military or intelligence applications. Very little is known about the full power of these satellites, as governments who operate them usually keep information pertaining to their reconnaissance satellites classified.
• Earth observation satellites are satellites intended for non-military uses such as environmental monitoring, meteorology, map making etc. (See especially Earth Observing System.)
• Tether satellites are satellites which are connected to another satellite by a thin cable called a tether.
• Weather satellites are primarily used to monitor Earth's weather and climate.
• Recovery satellites are satellites that provide a recovery of reconnaissance, biological, space-production and other payloads from orbit to Earth.
• Manned spacecraft (spaceships) are large satellites able for put human into (and beyond) an orbit, being on it and recovery back to Earth. Spacecrafts, and orbital parts-spaceplanes ofreusable systems also, has a major propulsion or landing facilities, and often uses as transport to and from the orbital stations.
• Space stations are man-made orbital structures that are designed for human beings to live on in outer space. A space station is distinguished from other manned spacecraft by its lack of major propulsion or landing facilities. Space stations are designed for medium-term living in orbit, for periods of weeks, months, or even years.

      Pak. Teddy Lesmana, SE. M.M. sedang berada di belakang Pesawat Ulang-Alik Discovery

A spacecraft (or spaceship) is a vehicle, vessel or machine designed to fly in outer space. 

Spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, 
including communications,  
earth observation,  
meteorology, navigation, planetary exploration and transportation of humans and cargo.

On a sub-orbital spaceflight, a spacecraft enters space and then returns to the surface, without having gone into an orbit. For orbital spaceflights, spacecraft enter closed orbits around the Earth or around other celestial bodies. Spacecraft used for human spaceflight carry people on board as crew or passengers from start or on orbit (space stations) only, while those used for robotic space missions operate either autonomously or telerobotically. 

Robotic spacecraft used to support scientific research are space probes. Robotic spacecraft that remain in orbit around a planetary body are artificialsatellites. Only a handful of interstellar probes, such as Pioneer 10 and 11, Voyager 1 and 2, and New Horizons, are currently on trajectories that leave our Solar System.

Orbital spacecraft may be recoverable or not. By method of reentry to Earth they may be divided in non-winged space capsules and wingedspaceplanes.

Currently, only twenty-four nations have spaceflight technology: Russia (Russian Federal Space Agency), the United States (NASA, the US Air Force, SpaceX (a U.S private aerospace company)), the member states of the European Space Agency, the People's Republic of China (China National Space Administration), Japan (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency), and India (Indian Space Research Organisation).

Spacecraft and space travel are common themes in works of science fiction.

Subsystems

A spacecraft system comprises various subsystems, dependent upon mission profile. Spacecraft subsystems comprise the spacecraft "bus" and may include: attitude determination and control (variously called ADAC, ADC or ACS), guidance, navigation and control (GNC or GN&C), communications (Comms), command and data handling (CDH or C&DH), power (EPS), thermal control(TCS), propulsion, and structures. Attached to the bus are typically payloads.

Life support 

 

Spacecraft intended for human spaceflight must also include a life support system for the crew.

Attitude control

A Spacecraft needs an attitude control subsystem to be correctly oriented in space and respond to external torques and forces properly. The attitude control subsystem consists of sensors and actuators, together with controlling algorithms. The attitude control subsystem permits proper pointing for the science objective, sun pointing for power to the solar arrays and earth-pointing for communications.

GNC

Guidance refers to the calculation of the commands (usually done by the CDH subsystem) needed to steer the spacecraft where it is desired to be. Navigation means determining a spacecraft's orbital elements or position. Control means adjusting the path of the spacecraft to meet mission requirements. On some missions, GNC and Attitude Control are combined into one subsystem of the spacecraft.

Command and data handling

The CDH subsystem receives commands from the communications subsystem, performs validation and decoding of the commands, and distributes the commands to the appropriate spacecraft subsystems and components. 

The CDH also receives housekeeping data and science data from the other spacecraft subsystems and components, and packages the data for storage on a data recorder or transmission to the ground via the communications subsystem. Other functions of the CDH include maintaining the spacecraft clock and state-of-health monitoring.

Further information: On-Board Data Handling

Power

Spacecraft need an electrical power generation and distribution subsystem for powering the various spacecraft subsystems. For spacecraft near the Sun, solar panels are frequently used to generate electrical power. Spacecraft designed to operate in more distant locations, for example Jupiter, might employ a Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG) to generate electrical power. 

Electrical power is sent through power conditioning equipment before it passes through a power distribution unit over an electrical bus to other spacecraft components. Batteries are typically connected to the bus via a battery charge regulator, and the batteries are used to provide electrical power during periods when primary power is not available, for example when a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) spacecraft is eclipsed by the Earth.

Thermal control 

Spacecraft must be engineered to withstand transit through the Earth's atmosphere and the space environment. They must operate in a vacuum with temperatures potentially ranging across hundreds of degrees Celsius as well as (if subject to reentry) in the presence of plasmas. Material requirements are such that either high melting temperature, low density materials such asberyllium and reinforced carbon-carbon or (possibly due to the lower thickness requirements despite its high density) tungsten or ablative carbon/carbon composites are used. 

Depending on mission profile, spacecraft may also need to operate on the surface of another planetary body. The thermal control subsystem can be passive, dependent on the selection of materials with specific radiative properties. Active thermal control makes use of electrical heaters and certain actuators such as louvers to control temperature ranges of equipments within specific ranges.

Propulsion 

Spacecraft may or may not have a propulsion subsystem, depending upon whether or not the mission profile calls for propulsion. The Swiftspacecraft is an example of a spacecraft that does not have a propulsion subsystem. Typically though, LEO spacecraft (for example Terra (EOS AM-1) include a propulsion subsystem for altitude adjustments (called drag make-up maneuvers) and inclination adjustment maneuvers. 
A propulsion system is also needed for spacecraft that perform momentum management maneuvers. Components of a conventional propulsion subsystem include fuel, tankage, valves, pipes, and thrusters. The TCS interfaces with the propulsion subsystem by monitoring the temperature of those components, and by preheating tanks and thrusters in preparation for a spacecraft maneuver.

Structures

Spacecraft must be engineered to withstand launch loads imparted by the launch vehicle, and must have a point of attachment for all the other subsystems. Depending upon mission profile, the structural subsystem might need to withstand loads imparted by entry into the atmosphere of another planetary body, and landing on the surface of another planetary body.

Payload

The payload is dependent upon the mission of the spacecraft, and is typically regarded as the part of the spacecraft "that pays the bills". Typical payloads could include scientific instruments (cameras, telescopes, or particle detectors, for example), cargo, or a human crew.

Ground segment

The ground segment, though not technically part of the spacecraft, is vital to the operation of the spacecraft. Typical components of a ground segment in use during normal operations include a mission operations facility where the flight operations team conducts the operations of the spacecraft, a data processing and storage facility, ground stations to radiate signals to and receive signals from the spacecraft, and a voice and data communications network to connect all mission elements.

Launch vehicle

The launch vehicle propels the spacecraft from the Earth's surface, through the atmosphere, and into an orbit, the exact orbit being dependent upon mission configuration. The launch vehicle may be expendable or reusable.

Tahun 2045 Indonesia Optimis Dapat Membuat dan Meluncurkan Pesawat Antariksa

Akan kami buat pesawat Antariksa untuk Indonesia, Tanah Air ku.

Ucapan Terima Kasih:

Kepada seluruh masyarakat Indonesia yang mendambakan akan kemajuan bangsa dalam penguasaan Iptek Antariksa

Kunjungi Sekolah Kami:

Indonesian University Space Research Association

1. http://asosiasiuniversitasrisetantariksa.blogspot.com/

Indonesian Space Science & Technology School
2. http://sekolahiptekkeluarangkasaan.blogspot.com/

Mesin-Mesin Cerdas Seukuran Atom

"Coal and diamonds, sand and computers chips, cancer and healthy tissue: throughout history, variations in the arrangement of atom have distinguished the cheap from the cherished, the diseased from the healthy"  

~Eric Drexler, M.Sc., Ph.D. Engines of Creation~

Bisakah kita membayangkan mesin-mesin masa depan yang superkecil, nyaris seukuran partikel atom? Mungkin sulit. Tapi kenyataannya Iptek Super Canggih itu sudah mulai banyak diuji coba di seluruh dunia. 

Ya! Nanoteknologi adalah Iptek masa depan, ini merupakan Iptek canggih yang bekerja pada skala ukuran sangat keciiiil. 

Nano sendiri adalah ukuran 1/semiliar, dan nanometer adalah 1/semiliar meter, atau juga seperti ketebalan rambut dibagi 50.000! Sungguh Luar Biasa.. 

Tujuannya adalah memanipulasi dan menyusun atom-atom untuk membuat bahan masa depan yang super kecil, super kuat, lebih ringan, tahan lama dan bahkan lebih cerdas. 

Bagaimana ini mungkin dilakukan? 

Sederhana. 

Karena mikroskop canggih yang dapat mendeteksi atom sudah ada sejak tahun 1981, yakni Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) dan Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) dibuat tahun 1986. Pada tahun 1986, Ilmuwan Ternama K. Eric Drexler, Ph.D. mengeluarkan buku ilmiahnya yang isinya sangat fantastis. 

Beliau menggambarkan masa depan dan kemungkinan manusia bisa menciptakan mesin-mesin super kecil yang akan mampu menyusun dan memanipulasi atom-atom. Buku ini sangat populer dan sekarang dapat diunduh gratis di internet. 

Seberapa Hebat nanti Iptek nano ini? Kita dan masa depanlah yang akan membuktikan.

Nanotechnology (sometimes shortened to "nanotech") is the manipulation of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology works with materials, devices, and other structures with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometres. Quantum mechanical effects are important at this quantum-realm scale. 

With a variety of potential applications, nanotechnology is a key technology for the future and governments have invested billions of dollars in its research. Through its National Nanotechnology Initiative, the USA has invested 3.7 billion dollars. The European Union has invested 1.2 billion and Japan 750 million dollars.

"Touted as harder than diamonds and stronger than steel at a fraction of the weight, buckypaper, which has the potential for use in illuminating devices, heat sinks, armor and electromagnetic protective skins, might help usher in a new age in material technology" 

~Futurist~

Apa saja kehebatan IPTEK Nano? 

Dengan material baru berteknologi nano, kita bisa membuat kendaraan yang antipenyok dan antigores, bahkan bisa berkamuflase. Kendaraan-kendaraan tersebut akan terbuat dari material yang super kuat, seperti ALUMUNIUM SILICATE NANOPARTIKEL dan META MATERIAL, atau bahkan partikel-partikel "cerdas"/Smart Material yang mampu mengorganisasikan dirinya sendiri dan mampu memperbaiki dirinya sendiri. 

Baju dan pakaian bisa dibuat menjadi antikusut, antikotor, dan tahan noda dengan Iptek Nano ini.. Wuiidiiih...gak usah nyuci donks..he..he..he.. 

Kita juga bisa memasukan robot-robot seukuran nano (Nano Bots) ke dalam tubuh manusia. 

Fungsinya? 

Bisa untuk menghancurkan sel-sel kanker, menyembuhkan berbagai penyakit, bahkan bisa memperkuat sel-sel manusia. 

Prof. Richard P. Feynman menamakan ide ini sebagai: "Swallowing the Doctor". Ahli fisika legendaris peraih Nobel Prof. Richard P. Feynman juga sudah meramalkan kehebatan Iptek Nano ini pada tahun 1959 dalam pidato kuliahnya yang bertemakan: "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom".

Molekul-molekul nano nantinya mungkin juga bisa menambal lubang ozon di langit. Sepertinya memang kita terlalu berharap besar terhadap Iptek Nano masa depan ini, namun dengan kerja tekun para ilmuwan dan rekan-rekan yang lainnya agaknya dalam dekade-dekade mendatang iptek nano ini akan segera kita nikmati bersama. 

Permasalahannya apakah kita hanya ingin jadi penonton saja dalam perkembangan Iptek-iptek mutakhir ini?  

Agaknya kita semua para generasi muda baiknya terus belajar dan bersemangat dalam meneliti dan mengembangkan ilmu kita untuk kebaikan peradaban manusia. 

Wallohualam Bissawab. 

See also

Main article: Outline of nanotechnology

• Bionanoscience
• Energy applications of nanotechnology
• List of emerging technologies
• List of software for nanostructures modeling
• Materiomics
• Molecular design software
• Molecular mechanics
• Nanoengineering
• Nanobiotechnology
• Nanofluidics
• Nanohub
• Nanometrology
• Nanoscale networks
• Nanotechnology education
• Nanotechnology in water treatment
• Nanothermite
• Nanoweapons
• Top-down and bottom-up
• Translational research
• Wet nanotechnology
• National Nanotechnology Initiative

Sumber:

1. Arip Nurahman Notes
2. Imperium Indonesia
3. Dr. K. Eric Drexler, M.Sc. [Engines of Creation]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engines_of_Creation
4. Masyarakat Nano Indonesia
http://nano.or.id/
5.Himpunan Mahasiswa Nanoteknologi Indonesia
http://masyarakatipteksindonesia.blogspot.com/2010/10/himpunan-mahasiswa-nanoteknologi_3500.html